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坐标加上钱 = koordinat dan wang 先读懂：买了两件东西，一共 RM55，要找它们在地图上的坐标。想办法：把价钱两个两个加起来，找出刚好是 RM55 的一对。帽子 RM35 加瓶子 RM20 等于 RM55。再从地图读出它们的坐标。最后用 RM55 减 RM35，看看剩下的是不是瓶子的价钱。 例子：如果总数是 RM47，就要找加起来是 RM47 的一对。 注意：每一对都要试，确定只有一对符合。

coordinates with money = koordinat dan wang Understand: two items were bought for RM55 altogether, and we need their coordinates on the map. Plan: add the prices two at a time to find the pair that makes exactly RM55. The cap at RM35 plus the bottle at RM20 is RM55. Then read their coordinates from the map. Check: RM55 − RM35 should leave the bottle's price. Example: if the total were RM47, you would look for the pair that adds up to RM47. Watch out: try every pair to be sure only one pair fits.

条形模型 = model palang 比 1 : 5 的意思是：Ravi 有 1 份，Chong 有 5 份，每一份一样多。画一条 Ravi 的格子（1 格）和一条 Chong 的格子（5 格）。Chong 的 5 格一共 40 粒，所以 1 格是 40 ÷ 5 = 8 粒，Ravi 刚好是 1 格。检查：8 × 5 = 40。 例子：比 1 : 3，大的那个是 27，小的那个就是 27 ÷ 3 = 9。 注意：先弄清楚题目给的是哪一个人的数目。

bar model = model palang The ratio 1 : 5 means Ravi has 1 part and Chong has 5 parts, all parts equal. Draw 1 box for Ravi and 5 boxes for Chong. Chong's 5 boxes hold 40 marbles, so 1 box is 40 ÷ 5 = 8, and Ravi has exactly 1 box. Check: 8 × 5 = 40. Example: with a ratio of 1 : 3, if the larger amount is 27, the smaller is 27 ÷ 3 = 9. Watch out: first make sure whose amount the question gives you.

先求数量再写比 = cari kuantiti dahulu 题目没有直接给出 Kak Ros 的丝带长度，只说她比 Mei 多 7 米。所以要先算：1 米 + 7 米 = 8 米。两个数量都知道了，才按题目的次序写比：Mei 比 Kak Ros 是 1 : 8。检查：8 − 1 = 7，刚好是多出来的长度。 例子：弟弟有 1 本书，哥哥比他多 2 本，哥哥有 3 本，弟弟比哥哥是 1 : 3。 注意：不要把“多 7 米”直接写成 1 : 7。

find the quantity before the ratio = cari kuantiti dahulu The question does not give Kak Ros's ribbon length directly; it only says she has 7 m more than Mei. So work it out first: 1 m + 7 m = 8 m. Once both quantities are known, write the ratio in the question's order: Mei to Kak Ros is 1 : 8. Check: 8 − 1 = 7, exactly the extra length. Example: a younger brother has 1 book and his older brother has 2 more, so 3 books; younger to older is 1 : 3. Watch out: do not write '7 m more' straight away as 1 : 7.

比较两间店 = bandingkan dua kedai 两间店一包的本数不一样，不能直接比较总价。先用单一法求出每间店一本的价钱：A 店 RM1.20，B 店 RM1.25。再算买 12 本各要多少：A 店 RM14.40，B 店 RM15.00。最后相减，A 店便宜 60 仙。 例子：甲店 2 支 RM3，乙店 5 支 RM8，比较一支的价钱：RM1.50 和 RM1.60。 注意：要用同样的数量来比较总价。

comparing two shops = bandingkan dua kedai The two shops sell different numbers per pack, so their totals cannot be compared directly. First use the unitary method to find the price of one book at each shop: RM1.20 at shop A and RM1.25 at shop B. Then work out 12 books at each: RM14.40 and RM15.00. Subtract: shop A is 60 sen cheaper. Example: shop X sells 2 pens for RM3 and shop Y 5 pens for RM8; compare one pen: RM1.50 and RM1.60. Watch out: compare the totals for the same quantity.

路程和时间 = jarak dan masa 巴士的速度一样，所以走的路程和时间成比例。先求 1 小时走多少：150 公里 ÷ 3 = 50 公里；再求 5 小时：50 公里 × 5 = 250 公里。检查：250 ÷ 5 = 50，50 × 3 = 150，回到题目给的数字。 例子：一辆脚车 2 小时骑 24 公里，1 小时 12 公里，4 小时 48 公里。 注意：只有速度不变时，才可以这样算。

distance and time = jarak dan masa The bus keeps the same speed, so distance is proportional to time. First find the distance in 1 hour: 150 km ÷ 3 = 50 km; then in 5 hours: 50 km × 5 = 250 km. Check: 250 ÷ 5 = 50 and 50 × 3 = 150, back to the numbers given. Example: a cyclist rides 24 km in 2 hours, so 12 km in 1 hour and 48 km in 4 hours. Watch out: this works only when the speed does not change.

先找价钱再找坐标 = harga dahulu, kemudian koordinat 把地图上的价钱两个两个相加，找出总和刚好等于题目金额的一对。找到以后，再从地图读出这两件东西的坐标（先横后竖）。最后用总额减去其中一件，看看是否等于另一件。 例子：总额 RM62 时，就找加起来等于 RM62 的两件东西。 注意：每一对都要试一次。

prices first, then coordinates = harga dahulu, kemudian koordinat Add the prices on the map two at a time and find the pair whose total equals the amount in the question. Then read the coordinates of those two items from the map (across first, then up). Finally subtract one price from the total to see if it leaves the other. Example: for a total of RM62, look for the two items that add up to RM62. Watch out: try every pair once.

用条形模型解比 = model palang untuk nisbah 比 1 : 4 表示 A 是 1 份，B 是 4 份，每份一样长。题目告诉我们 B 的长度，就是 4 份的总长。先求 1 份，A 就是 1 份。 例子：比 1 : 6，大的是 42 米，1 份是 42 ÷ 6 = 7 米。 注意：不要用乘法，B 比 A 长，A 应该比较短。

using a bar model for ratio = model palang untuk nisbah The ratio 1 : 4 means A is 1 part and B is 4 parts, all parts equal. The question gives B's length, which is the total of 4 parts. Find 1 part; A is exactly 1 part. Example: with a ratio of 1 : 6 and the larger length 42 m, 1 part is 42 ÷ 6 = 7 m. Watch out: do not multiply; B is longer than A, so A should be shorter.

“多几个”先求数量 = lebih daripada 题目说的是哥哥“比弟弟多几本”，不是哥哥有几本。先把多出来的加上去，求出哥哥真正有几本，再按“弟弟比哥哥”的次序写比。 例子：A 有 1 颗糖，B 比 A 多 8 颗，B 有 9 颗，A 比 B 是 1 : 9。 注意：多出来的数目不是哥哥的数目。

'more than' means find the amount first = lebih daripada The question says the older brother has some books more than the younger one, not how many he has. Add the extra first to find his real number of books, then write the ratio in the order 'younger to older'. Example: A has 1 sweet and B has 8 more, so B has 9; A to B is 1 : 9. Watch out: the extra amount is not the older brother's total.

路程的比例 = kadaran jarak 速度一样时，用单一法：先求 1 小时走多少公里（除以小时数），再乘以要求的小时数。算完用除法检查。 例子：3 小时走 90 公里，1 小时 30 公里，6 小时 180 公里。 注意：不要把公里数和小时数加起来。

proportion with distance = kadaran jarak When the speed is the same, use the unitary method: find the kilometres for 1 hour (divide by the number of hours), then multiply by the hours asked for. Check with division afterwards. Example: 90 km in 3 hours is 30 km in 1 hour and 180 km in 6 hours. Watch out: do not add the kilometres and the hours.