Unit 5
Nisbah
Puan Aminah membancuh air sirap untuk jualan amal.
Untuk setiap 1 cawan sirap, dia mencampurkan 4 cawan air.
Bagaimanakah kita membandingkan dua kuantiti ini?
比 = nisbah
做糖浆水时，糖浆和水的分量要配合好，太浓太淡都不好喝。数学上用“比”来表示两个数量之间的关系。这个单元学会写比、读比，认识 1 : 1 到 1 : 10、1 : 100 和 1 : 1 000 这些比，也学会比较前先把单位换成一样。
例子：1 匙咖啡粉配 3 匙糖，咖啡粉和糖的比是 1 : 3。
注意：比是拿两个数量来比较，不是把它们加起来。
ratio = nisbah
When making syrup drinks, the amounts of syrup and water must go together well, or the drink is too strong or too weak. In maths we use a ratio to show how two quantities are related. In this unit you learn to write and read ratios such as 1 : 1 to 1 : 10, 1 : 100 and 1 : 1 000, and to make the units the same before comparing.
Example: 1 spoon of coffee powder with 3 spoons of sugar gives a coffee-to-sugar ratio of 1 : 3.
Watch out: a ratio compares two quantities; it does not add them.
Maksud nisbah
1 : 4
dibaca “1 kepada 4”
sirap : air = 1 : 4
dibaca “satu kepada empat”
比的写法和读法 = tulis dan baca nisbah
两个数量之间写一个冒号“:”，就是比。1 杯糖浆配 4 杯水，糖浆和水的比写成 1 : 4，马来文读作 satu kepada empat。它的意思是：每 1 份糖浆，就有 4 份水。
例子：1 本笔记本配 5 支笔，笔记本和笔的比是 1 : 5，读作 satu kepada lima。
注意：冒号两边各写一个数字，不要写成分数或减号。
writing and reading a ratio = tulis dan baca nisbah
A ratio puts a colon ':' between two quantities. With 1 cup of syrup to 4 cups of water, the ratio of syrup to water is written 1 : 4 and read in Malay as 'satu kepada empat'. It means for every 1 part of syrup there are 4 parts of water.
Example: 1 notebook with 5 pens gives a notebook-to-pen ratio of 1 : 5, read 'satu kepada lima'.
Watch out: write one number on each side of the colon; do not write it as a fraction or with a minus sign.
Tertib
Ikut susunan ayat
“sirap kepada air” → sirap dahulu
sirap kepada air → 1 : 4
Kuantiti yang disebut dahulu ditulis di sebelah kiri tanda “:”.
次序跟着句子 = tertib ikut ayat
比的两个数字有固定次序：句子里先说哪一个数量，那个数量就写在冒号左边。“糖浆比水”就先写糖浆的 1，再写水的 4。如果题目问的是“水比糖浆”，次序就要反过来。
例子：“1 只猫比 6 条鱼”写成 1 : 6。
注意：写比之前，先在题目里圈出 kepada 前面和后面的东西。
order follows the sentence = tertib ikut ayat
The two numbers in a ratio have a fixed order: whichever quantity the sentence mentions first goes on the left of the colon. 'Syrup to water' means write the syrup's 1 first, then the water's 4. If a question asks for 'water to syrup', the order is reversed.
Example: '1 cat to 6 fish' is written 1 : 6.
Watch out: before writing a ratio, circle the things before and after the word 'kepada' in the question.
Nisbah 1 : 1 hingga 1 : 10
Bandingkan bilangan
| Situasi | Nisbah |
|---|---|
| 1 basikal : 2 roda | 1 : 2 |
| 1 kereta : 4 tayar | 1 : 4 |
| 1 kasut kiri : 1 kasut kanan | 1 : 1 |
| 1 kotak : 10 biji telur | 1 : 10 |
比较个数 = bandingkan bilangan
很多生活中的东西都能写成 1 比几：1 辆脚车有 2 个轮子，比是 1 : 2；1 辆汽车有 4 个轮胎，比是 1 : 4；一双鞋左鞋和右鞋各 1 只，比是 1 : 1；1 盒鸡蛋装 10 个，比是 1 : 10。
例子：1 只蜘蛛有 8 条腿，蜘蛛和腿的比是 1 : 8。
注意：1 : 1 表示两个数量一样多。
comparing counts = bandingkan bilangan
Many everyday things can be written as 1 to some number: 1 bicycle has 2 wheels, a ratio of 1 : 2; 1 car has 4 tyres, 1 : 4; a pair of shoes has 1 left and 1 right shoe, 1 : 1; 1 box holds 10 eggs, 1 : 10.
Example: 1 spider has 8 legs, so the ratio of spiders to legs is 1 : 8.
Watch out: 1 : 1 means the two quantities are equal.
Nisbah 1 : 100 dan 1 : 1 000
Harga barang
Pemadam RM1 · Beg sekolah RM100 · Basikal RM1 000
| Bandingkan harga | Nisbah |
|---|---|
| pemadam RM1 : beg RM100 | 1 : 100 |
| pemadam RM1 : basikal RM1 000 | 1 : 1 000 |
大的比 = nisbah besar
比也可以是 1 : 100 或 1 : 1 000。橡皮擦 RM1，书包 RM100，橡皮擦和书包的价钱比是 1 : 100，意思是书包的价钱是橡皮擦的 100 倍。脚车 RM1 000，橡皮擦和脚车的价钱比是 1 : 1 000。
例子：一颗糖 RM1，一部电视 RM1 000，糖和电视的价钱比是 1 : 1 000。
注意：两个价钱都是令吉，单位一样，才能直接写比。
large ratios = nisbah besar
A ratio can also be 1 : 100 or 1 : 1 000. An eraser costs RM1 and a school bag RM100, so the price ratio of eraser to bag is 1 : 100, meaning the bag costs 100 times as much. A bicycle costs RM1 000, so eraser to bicycle is 1 : 1 000.
Example: a sweet at RM1 and a television at RM1 000 give a price ratio of 1 : 1 000.
Watch out: both prices are in ringgit, the same unit, so the ratio can be written directly.
Unit mesti sama
Tukar unit dahulu
1 cm : 1 m → 1 cm : 100 cm → 1 : 100
| Kuantiti | Tukar unit | Nisbah |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm : 1 m | 1 cm : 100 cm | 1 : 100 |
| 1 g : 1 kg | 1 g : 1 000 g | 1 : 1 000 |
| 1 mℓ : 1 ℓ | 1 mℓ : 1 000 mℓ | 1 : 1 000 |
Nisbah tidak ditulis dengan unit.
单位要一样 = unit mesti sama
比较之前，两个数量一定要用同一个单位。1 厘米和 1 米不能直接写成 1 : 1，因为 1 米等于 100 厘米，所以是 1 厘米 : 100 厘米，比是 1 : 100。同样，1 克比 1 公斤是 1 : 1 000，1 毫升比 1 升也是 1 : 1 000。写好的比后面不加单位。
例子：1 米比 1 公里 → 1 米 : 1 000 米 → 1 : 1 000。
注意：先换单位，再写比，最后把单位拿掉。
units must be the same = unit mesti sama
Before comparing, both quantities must use the same unit. 1 cm and 1 m cannot simply be written 1 : 1, because 1 m is 100 cm; so it is 1 cm : 100 cm, a ratio of 1 : 100. In the same way, 1 g to 1 kg is 1 : 1 000, and 1 mℓ to 1 ℓ is also 1 : 1 000. The finished ratio has no unit.
Example: 1 m to 1 km → 1 m : 1 000 m → 1 : 1 000.
Watch out: change the units first, write the ratio next, and leave the units off at the end.
Cuba
Apakah nisbah petak kuning kepada petak hijau?
看图写比 = tulis nisbah daripada gambar
先找出题目里 kepada 前面的东西，数一数它有几个，写在冒号左边；再数 kepada 后面的东西，写在右边。不要把两种颜色合起来数。
例子：图上 1 个红圈、3 个蓝圈，红圈比蓝圈是 1 : 3。
注意：比的次序要跟题目的说法一样。
writing a ratio from a picture = tulis nisbah daripada gambar
Find the thing named before 'kepada', count it, and write that number on the left of the colon; then count the thing after 'kepada' and write it on the right. Do not count the two colours together.
Example: 1 red circle and 3 blue circles give red to blue = 1 : 3.
Watch out: keep the same order as the question.
Cuba
Harga sebatang pen RM1. Harga sebuah kalkulator RM10. Apakah nisbah harga pen kepada harga kalkulator?
价钱的比 = nisbah harga
两个价钱的单位都是令吉，可以直接比。先写题目先说的那一个价钱，再写第二个，中间用冒号。比写好以后，不加 RM。
例子：一把尺 RM1，一盒彩色笔 RM8，尺和彩色笔的价钱比是 1 : 8。
注意：读清楚是谁比谁。
a ratio of prices = nisbah harga
Both prices are in ringgit, so they can be compared directly. Write the price mentioned first, then the second, with a colon between them. Once written, the ratio has no RM.
Example: a ruler at RM1 and a box of colour pencils at RM8 give a ruler-to-pencils price ratio of 1 : 8.
Watch out: read carefully which is compared with which.
Cuba
Jisim sebiji gula-gula ialah 1 g. Jisim sebungkus tepung ialah 1 kg. Apakah nisbah jisim gula-gula kepada jisim tepung?
先换单位 = tukar unit dahulu
两个质量一个用克，一个用公斤，单位不一样，不能直接写。先想一想 1 公斤等于多少克，把它换成克，再写比，最后拿掉单位。
例子：1 毫升比 1 升，先换成 1 毫升 : 1 000 毫升，比是 1 : 1 000。
注意：单位不同时直接写 1 : 1 是常见错误。
change units first = tukar unit dahulu
One mass is in grams and the other in kilograms, so the units differ and you cannot write the ratio directly. Think how many grams are in 1 kg, change it to grams, write the ratio, then drop the units.
Example: 1 mℓ to 1 ℓ becomes 1 mℓ : 1 000 mℓ, a ratio of 1 : 1 000.
Watch out: writing 1 : 1 when the units differ is a common mistake.
Padankan
Padankan situasi dengan nisbah
配对比 = padankan nisbah
每一个情况都先看两个数量的单位：如果一样，就直接写比；如果不一样，先换成同一个单位。例如令吉和仙要先都换成仙，米和公里要先都换成米。写好比再去右边找。
例子：1 毫米比 1 厘米 → 1 毫米 : 10 毫米 → 1 : 10。
注意：RM1 等于多少仙、1 公里等于多少米，要先想清楚。
matching ratios = padankan nisbah
For each situation, first look at the units of the two quantities: if they are the same, write the ratio directly; if not, change them to the same unit first. For example, ringgit and sen should both become sen, and metres and kilometres should both become metres. Then find the ratio on the right.
Example: 1 mm to 1 cm → 1 mm : 10 mm → 1 : 10.
Watch out: work out how many sen are in RM1 and how many metres are in 1 km first.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
a : b → “a kepada b”
Tulis kuantiti yang disebut dahulu di sebelah kiri. Tukar kepada unit yang sama dahulu. Nisbah ditulis tanpa unit.
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