Selepas berlari mengelilingi padang, Amir tercungap-cungap. Dadanya naik turun dengan cepat. Apakah yang berlaku di dalam badannya semasa dia bernafas?
人的呼吸 = pernafasan manusia
我们每时每刻都在呼吸，把空气吸进身体，再呼出来。这个单元学习呼吸器官、空气在身体里走的路线、吸进和呼出的气体有什么不同、胸部怎样起伏，以及什么会影响呼吸。
例子：跑步后呼吸变快，胸部起伏也变快。
注意：呼吸是生命过程，停止呼吸就有生命危险。
human breathing = pernafasan manusia
We breathe all the time, taking air into the body and letting it out. This unit covers the breathing organs, the path of air, how inhaled and exhaled air differ, how the chest moves and what affects breathing.
Example: after running, breathing and chest movement both become faster.
Watch out: breathing is a life process; stopping it is life-threatening.
Kenali
Organ pernafasan manusia
Organ pernafasan manusia ialah hidung, trakea dan peparu.
hidung → trakea → peparu
Contoh: Peparu kiri lebih kecil sedikit daripada peparu kanan kerana memberi ruang kepada jantung.
呼吸器官 = organ pernafasan
人的呼吸器官有鼻子（hidung）、气管（trakea）和肺（peparu）。空气从鼻子进入，经过气管，到达左右两个肺。
例子：左肺比右肺小一点，因为要留位置给心脏。
注意：嘴巴也能吸气，但主要的呼吸通道是鼻子。
breathing organs = organ pernafasan
The human breathing organs are the nose (hidung), the windpipe or trachea (trakea) and the lungs (peparu). Air enters through the nose, passes down the trachea and reaches the two lungs.
Example: the left lung is a little smaller to make room for the heart.
Watch out: we can breathe through the mouth, but the main passage is the nose.
Semak kefahaman
Susunan manakah betul bagi laluan udara semasa menarik nafas?
吸气路线 = laluan udara
吸气时，空气从身体外面进来，先经过哪里？最后到达哪里？呼气时路线刚好相反。
例子：吸气：鼻子 → 气管 → 肺。
注意：不要把吸气和呼气的方向弄反。
path of inhaled air = laluan udara
When we breathe in, air comes from outside the body. Where does it pass first, and where does it end? Breathing out is the reverse.
Example: inhaling: nose → trachea → lungs.
Watch out: do not reverse the directions of inhaling and exhaling.
Fahami
Udara sedutan dan udara hembusan
Di dalam peparu, oksigen diserap ke dalam darah dan karbon dioksida dikeluarkan. Udara sedutan mengandungi lebih banyak oksigen; udara hembusan mengandungi lebih banyak karbon dioksida dan wap air.
Contoh: Apabila kita menghembus nafas pada cermin yang sejuk, cermin menjadi berwap.
吸入与呼出的空气 = udara sedutan dan hembusan
在肺里，氧气（oksigen）进入血液，二氧化碳（karbon dioksida）从血液出来。所以吸进的空气含较多氧气；呼出的空气含较多二氧化碳和水蒸气（wap air）。氮气的分量大致不变。
例子：对着冷镜子呼气，镜子会起雾，因为呼出的气有水蒸气。
注意：呼出的空气还是有氧气，只是比较少。
inhaled and exhaled air = udara sedutan dan hembusan
In the lungs, oxygen (oksigen) passes into the blood and carbon dioxide (karbon dioksida) comes out. So inhaled air has more oxygen; exhaled air has more carbon dioxide and water vapour (wap air). Nitrogen stays about the same.
Example: breathing on a cold mirror fogs it up because exhaled air contains water vapour.
Watch out: exhaled air still has some oxygen, just less.
matching air types = padankan
The body takes oxygen from the air and gives out carbon dioxide. So inhaled air has more oxygen, exhaled air more carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, unused by the body, stays about the same.
Example: a candle goes out sooner in exhaled air because it has less oxygen.
Watch out: think about what the body needs and what it removes.
Fahami
Pergerakan dada dan kadar pernafasan
Semasa menarik nafas, dada naik; semasa menghembus nafas, dada turun. Kadar pernafasan ialah bilangan kali dada naik dan turun dalam satu minit.
Contoh: Kadar pernafasan Amir lebih tinggi selepas berlari berbanding semasa duduk membaca.
胸部起伏与呼吸率 = dada dan kadar pernafasan
吸气时胸部上升，呼气时胸部下降。一分钟内胸部起伏的次数叫呼吸率（kadar pernafasan）。活动越剧烈，身体需要越多氧气，呼吸率越高。
例子：Amir 跑步后的呼吸率，比坐着看书时高。
注意：睡觉时呼吸率最低。
chest movement and breathing rate = dada dan kadar pernafasan
The chest rises when we breathe in and falls when we breathe out. The breathing rate (kadar pernafasan) is the number of times the chest rises and falls in one minute. The harder the activity, the more oxygen we need, so the higher the rate.
Example: Amir's breathing rate after running is higher than when he sits and reads.
Watch out: the rate is lowest when we sleep.
Semak kefahaman
Aktiviti manakah menghasilkan kadar pernafasan yang paling tinggi?
呼吸率最高 = kadar paling tinggi
比较三个活动哪一个最费力。越费力，身体越需要氧气，呼吸就越快。
例子：爬楼梯后呼吸也会变快。
注意：睡觉和看电视都是安静的活动。
highest breathing rate = kadar paling tinggi
Compare which activity takes the most effort. The more effort, the more oxygen needed and the faster we breathe.
Example: climbing stairs also makes breathing faster.
Watch out: sleeping and watching TV are quiet activities.
Amalan sihat
Situasi yang menjejaskan pernafasan
Udara tercemar seperti jerebu, asap kenderaan, pembakaran terbuka dan asap rokok boleh merosakkan peparu. Udara segar di taman baik untuk pernafasan.
Contoh: Semasa jerebu, Mei Ling memakai pelitup muka dan mengurangkan aktiviti di luar rumah.
影响呼吸的情况 = situasi yang menjejaskan pernafasan
烟霾（jerebu）、车辆排烟、露天焚烧和二手烟都会污染空气，伤害肺部，引起咳嗽或气喘。公园和森林的新鲜空气对呼吸有益。
例子：有烟霾时戴口罩，并减少户外活动。
注意：吸二手烟也会伤肺，要远离吸烟的地方。
situations affecting breathing = situasi yang menjejaskan pernafasan
Haze (jerebu), vehicle smoke, open burning and second-hand cigarette smoke pollute the air and harm the lungs, causing coughing or breathlessness. Fresh air in parks and forests is good for breathing.
Example: during haze, wear a face mask and spend less time outdoors.
Watch out: second-hand smoke harms the lungs too, so stay away from smokers.
Pilih semua
Pilih semua amalan untuk menjaga kesihatan peparu.
caring for the lungs = jaga peparu
Think about each: which habits help us breathe less polluted air or more fresh air, and which create pollution? There are several answers.
Example: open the windows at home to let air flow.
Watch out: burning rubbish makes smoke that harms your lungs and your neighbours.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Pernafasan manusia
Udara melalui hidung, trakea dan peparu. Udara sedutan kaya oksigen, udara hembusan kaya karbon dioksida. Dada naik semasa tarik nafas. Aktiviti cergas meningkatkan kadar pernafasan.
