Kelab Sains mengadakan pertandingan membina jambatan kertas. Jambatan siapakah yang dapat menampung paling banyak syiling? Untuk mengetahuinya, kita perlu memerhati, mengukur dan meramal.
科学过程技能 = kemahiran proses sains
科学家做研究时,会用一套方法去观察、量度、分类和预测,这些方法叫科学过程技能。这个单元先复习六种基本技能,以后做实验都会用到。
例子:比赛用纸做桥时,要观察桥有没有弯,要数能放几个硬币,还要预测哪一种桥最坚固。
注意:技能的名字要用国语记住,考试常常问“这是哪一种技能”。
science process skills = kemahiran proses sains
Scientists use a set of methods to observe, measure, classify and predict when they investigate. These are called science process skills. This unit reviews the six basic skills that we use in every experiment later.
Example: in a paper bridge contest we watch whether the bridge bends, count the coins it holds and predict which design is strongest.
Watch out: learn the skill names in Malay, because questions often ask which skill is being used.
Kenali
Kemahiran proses sains asas
Terdapat enam kemahiran proses sains asas:
memerhati · mengelas
mengukur dan menggunakan nombor
membuat inferens · meramal · berkomunikasi
Contoh: Hana menggunakan jam randik untuk mengukur masa sebuah payung terjun mendarat.
六种基本技能 = enam kemahiran asas
基本科学过程技能有六种:观察(memerhati)、分类(mengelas)、测量和使用数字(mengukur dan menggunakan nombor)、推论(membuat inferens)、预测(meramal)和沟通(berkomunikasi)。
例子:Hana 用秒表(jam randik)量降落伞落地的时间,这是测量和使用数字。
注意:观察要用五官,不一定只用眼睛。
six basic skills = enam kemahiran asas
There are six basic science process skills: observing (memerhati), classifying (mengelas), measuring and using numbers (mengukur dan menggunakan nombor), making inferences (membuat inferens), predicting (meramal) and communicating (berkomunikasi).
Example: Hana uses a stopwatch (jam randik) to time a parachute landing; that is measuring and using numbers.
Watch out: observing uses all five senses, not only the eyes.
Semak kefahaman
Aina menggunakan pembaris untuk mengetahui panjang sehelai daun. Kemahiran apakah yang digunakan?
认出技能 = kenal pasti kemahiran
题目里 Aina 用尺量叶子的长度,得到的是一个数字。想一想:用工具得到数字,属于哪一种技能?
例子:用磅秤称西瓜有多重,也是同一种技能。
注意:预测是说还没发生的事,分类是把东西分组,这里都没有。
naming the skill = kenal pasti kemahiran
Aina uses a ruler to find the length of a leaf and gets a number. Think: which skill uses a tool to get a number?
Example: weighing a watermelon on a scale uses the same skill.
Watch out: predicting is about something that has not happened, and classifying means grouping; neither happens here.
Fahami
Memerhati, membuat inferens dan meramal
Memerhati menggunakan deria. Membuat inferens ialah memberi sebab awal bagi pemerhatian. Meramal ialah menjangka perkara yang akan berlaku.
Contoh: Lantai koridor basah (memerhati). Mungkin hujan turun tadi (inferens). Jika awan gelap lagi, lantai akan basah semula (meramal).
observe, infer, predict = memerhati, inferens, meramal
Observing collects information with the senses; inferring gives a possible early reason for what was observed; predicting says what will happen next based on a pattern or experience. These three are easily mixed up.
Example: the corridor floor is wet (observe); it probably rained just now (infer); if dark clouds come again, the floor will get wet again (predict).
Watch out: an inference explains what already happened, while a prediction is about the future.
matching skills = padankan kemahiran
First find the sentence that only describes what is seen: that is observing. Then find the one guessing a reason: that is inferring. Finally find the one about tomorrow: that is predicting.
Example: "the cat keeps meowing" is an observation; "the cat may be hungry" is an inference.
Watch out: look for clue words such as mungkin (maybe) and esok (tomorrow).
Fahami
Mengelas dan berkomunikasi
Mengelas ialah mengasingkan objek kepada kumpulan berdasarkan ciri sepunya. Berkomunikasi ialah menyampaikan maklumat dalam bentuk jadual, carta, graf atau lukisan.
Contoh: Objek diasingkan kepada kumpulan "terapung" dan "tenggelam", kemudian hasilnya ditulis dalam jadual.
分类与沟通 = mengelas dan berkomunikasi
分类是根据共同特征(ciri sepunya)把东西分组;沟通是把收集到的资料用表格、图表、图画或口头报告告诉别人,让别人也看得懂。
例子:把东西分成“浮”和“沉”两组,再把结果写成表格。
注意:分类时每一组都要有清楚的共同特征。
classifying and communicating = mengelas dan berkomunikasi
Classifying means sorting objects into groups by a common feature (ciri sepunya). Communicating means sharing information as a table, chart, graph, drawing or talk so that others can understand it.
Example: objects are sorted into "float" and "sink", and the results are written in a table.
Watch out: each group must share one clear common feature.
Pilih semua
Pilih semua objek yang mempunyai ciri sepunya: diperbuat daripada logam.
找共同特征 = cari ciri sepunya
这题要找用金属做的东西。一个一个想:钉子、铁汤匙、橡皮擦、回形针、木尺,分别是用什么材料做的?这题有几个答案。
例子:铁罐和铁锁也属于金属组。
注意:橡皮擦是橡胶做的,木尺是木头做的。
finding a common feature = cari ciri sepunya
Find the objects made of metal. Think about each one: nail, iron spoon, rubber eraser, paper clip and wooden ruler. What is each made of? There are several answers.
Example: an iron can and a padlock also belong in the metal group.
Watch out: the eraser is rubber and the ruler is wood.
Fikir
Kumpulan Ravi melukis carta palang untuk menunjukkan hasil eksperimen kepada kelas. Kemahiran apakah ini?
沟通 = berkomunikasi
Ravi 那一组把结果画成棒形图(carta palang)给全班看。把资料整理好、告诉别人,是哪一种技能?
例子:写实验报告、做口头报告,也都是沟通。
注意:画图表不是测量,测量是用工具得到数据。
communicating = berkomunikasi
Ravi's group draws a bar chart (carta palang) to show the class their results. Which skill organises information and shares it with others?
Example: writing a report or giving a talk is also communicating.
Watch out: drawing a chart is not measuring; measuring uses a tool to get data.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Kemahiran proses sains asas
Enam kemahiran asas ialah memerhati, mengelas, mengukur dan menggunakan nombor, membuat inferens, meramal dan berkomunikasi. Inferens memberi sebab, ramalan menjangka masa depan.