Unit 1
Bina Piktograf dan Carta Palang
Kelab Pembaca mencatat bilangan buku yang dibaca oleh empat murid dalam sebulan.
Bagaimanakah kita memaparkan data ini supaya mudah dibaca?
建统计图 = bina piktograf dan carta palang
收集到的数据写在表格里，数字一多就不容易一眼看出谁多谁少。把数据画成统计图，就清楚多了。这个单元学两种图：用符号表示数量的象形统计图（piktograf），和用长条表示数量的条形统计图（carta palang）。
例子：一个班级每天收集的旧报纸，画成条形图，马上看出哪一天最多。
注意：每一种统计图都要有标题，让人知道图在说什么。
building charts = bina piktograf dan carta palang
Data collected in a table are hard to compare at a glance when there are many numbers. Drawing the data as a chart makes it much clearer. In this unit you learn two kinds of chart: a pictograph (piktograf), which uses symbols to show amounts, and a bar chart (carta palang), which uses bars.
Example: old newspapers collected by a class each day can be drawn as a bar chart to see at once which day had the most.
Watch out: every chart needs a title so people know what it shows.
Data
Jadual bilangan buku
Bilangan buku yang dibaca dalam bulan Mac
| Murid | Amin | Bella | Chong | Devi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilangan buku | 8 | 12 | 6 | 10 |
数据表 = jadual data
统计图的数据先写在表格里：上面一行是四位学生，下面一行是每人读了几本书。画图之前，先看清楚最大的数字是多少，这会帮助我们决定一个符号代表几本书，或者条形图的刻度要怎么分。
例子：如果最大的数字是 30，刻度可以每格 5。
注意：抄数据时要一个一个核对，不要抄错。
the data table = jadual data
The data for a chart are first written in a table: the top row shows the four pupils and the bottom row how many books each read. Before drawing, look at the biggest number; it helps decide how many books one symbol stands for, or how to space the bar chart's scale.
Example: if the biggest number is 30, the scale could go up in 5s.
Watch out: copy the data one by one and check them, so no number is copied wrongly.
Piktograf · langkah 1
Tentukan petunjuk
1 simbol = 2 buah buku
定图示 = tentukan petunjuk
画象形统计图时，先决定一个符号代表几个。这里的数字都是双数，所以让一个圆圈代表 2 本书比较方便。然后每个数字除以 2，就知道要画几个圆圈：8 本画 4 个，12 本画 6 个，6 本画 3 个，10 本画 5 个。
例子：如果一个星星代表 5 个人，20 个人就画 20 ÷ 5 = 4 个星星。
注意：直接画 8 个圆圈是常见错误，要先除。
choosing the key = tentukan petunjuk
When drawing a pictograph, first decide how many each symbol stands for. All the numbers here are even, so letting one circle stand for 2 books is convenient. Then divide each number by 2 to know how many circles to draw: 8 books need 4, 12 need 6, 6 need 3 and 10 need 5.
Example: if one star stands for 5 people, 20 people need 20 ÷ 5 = 4 stars.
Watch out: drawing 8 circles for 8 books is a common mistake; divide first.
Piktograf · langkah 2
Lukis simbol
Tajuk · nama murid · simbol · petunjuk
Bilangan buku yang dibaca dalam bulan Mac
| Amin | |
|---|---|
| Bella | |
| Chong | |
| Devi |
mewakili 2 buah buku
画象形图 = lukis piktograf
画一个两栏的表格：左栏写学生的名字，右栏画圆圈，每个圆圈一样大、排整齐。上面写标题，说明这张图是什么数据；下面写图示，说明一个圆圈代表 2 本书。看图的人数圆圈、再乘以 2，就知道读了几本。
例子：标题可以写“三月份读书的数量”。
注意：没有图示，别人就不知道一个圆圈代表几本。
drawing the pictograph = lukis piktograf
Draw a two-column table: names on the left and circles on the right, every circle the same size and neatly in a row. Write a title on top saying what the data are, and a key underneath saying one circle stands for 2 books. A reader counts the circles and multiplies by 2 to know how many books.
Example: the title could be 'Number of books read in March'.
Watch out: without a key, nobody knows how many books one circle stands for.
Carta palang mencancang
Paksi, senggatan dan palang
Senggatan sama besar, mula dari 0
纵向条形图 = carta palang mencancang
先画两条轴：横轴写学生名字，纵轴写数量。纵轴的刻度（senggatan）要从 0 开始，每一格一样大，这里每格 2 本。然后照着数字画长条：Bella 12 本，长条就画到 12。最后写上标题和两条轴的名称。
例子：如果数字是 5、15、25，刻度可以每格 5。
注意：刻度的间隔要一样，不能有的一格 2、有的一格 5。
vertical bar chart = carta palang mencancang
First draw two axes: the horizontal axis shows the names and the vertical axis the amounts. The vertical scale (senggatan) starts at 0 and every step is the same, here 2 books. Then draw each bar to its number: Bella read 12, so her bar reaches 12. Finally write the title and the names of both axes.
Example: if the numbers are 5, 15 and 25, the scale could go up in 5s.
Watch out: every step on the scale must be equal; you cannot have some steps of 2 and others of 5.
Carta palang mengufuk
Paksi bertukar tempat
Nama di paksi mencancang · nilai di paksi mengufuk
横向条形图 = carta palang mengufuk
同一组数据也可以画成横向的条形图。这时两条轴交换工作：纵轴写学生名字，横轴写数量和刻度，长条向右画。读图的方法一样，看长条的尽头对着横轴的哪个数字。
例子：想放比较长的名字时，横向条形图比较好写。
注意：横向图的刻度也要从 0 开始、间隔一样。
horizontal bar chart = carta palang mengufuk
The same data can also be drawn as a horizontal bar chart. The axes swap jobs: the vertical axis shows the names, the horizontal axis shows the amounts and the scale, and the bars go to the right. Read it the same way: see which number the end of each bar lines up with.
Example: a horizontal bar chart is handy when the names are long.
Watch out: the scale of a horizontal chart must also start at 0 with equal steps.
Cuba
Dalam piktograf ini, 1 simbol mewakili 2 buah buku. Eric membaca 14 buah buku. Berapakah simbol yang perlu dilukis?
算符号数 = kira bilangan simbol
一个符号代表几本书，要用书的数量除以这个数，才知道要画几个符号。想一想：如果每个符号代表 2，画出来的符号数应该比书的数量多还是少？
例子：一个符号代表 3 个苹果，15 个苹果画 5 个符号。
注意：不要把书的数量直接当成符号数。
counting symbols = kira bilangan simbol
If each symbol stands for some number of books, divide the number of books by it to know how many symbols to draw. Think: if each symbol stands for 2, should there be more symbols or fewer than books?
Example: if one symbol stands for 3 apples, 15 apples need 5 symbols.
Watch out: do not use the number of books as the number of symbols.
Cuba
Data: Ali 6, Bala 10, Chen 4. Palang siapakah dilukis salah?
检查条形图 = semak carta palang
一条一条检查：看每个长条的顶端对着纵轴的哪一个数字，再和题目给的数据比较。数字一样就对，不一样就是画错了。
例子：数据是 7，长条却停在 6，这条就画错了。
注意：读刻度时，用尺子横着对齐长条的顶端。
checking a bar chart = semak carta palang
Check one bar at a time: see which number on the vertical axis the top of each bar lines up with, then compare it with the data given. If they match, the bar is right; if not, it is wrong.
Example: if the data say 7 but the bar stops at 6, that bar is drawn wrongly.
Watch out: when reading the scale, use a ruler held level with the top of the bar.
Pilih
Pilih semua bahagian yang mesti ada pada sebuah carta palang.
条形图必须有什么 = bahagian wajib carta palang
一张条形图要让别人看得懂。想一想每一个选项：如果少了它，别人还知不知道这张图在说什么、每条轴代表什么、长条代表多少？少了会看不懂的，才是必须有的部分；只是让图好看的，不是必须的。
例子：一张没有刻度数字的条形图，看不出每条长条代表多少。
注意：每一个选项都要判断，再按 Semak。
what a bar chart must have = bahagian wajib carta palang
A bar chart must be understandable. Think about each option: without it, would people still know what the chart is about, what each axis means, and how much each bar stands for? Parts that would make the chart unreadable are the must-haves; parts that only make it look nice are not.
Example: a bar chart with no numbers on its scale does not show how much each bar stands for.
Watch out: judge every option before pressing Semak.
Cuba
Petunjuk: 1 ★ mewakili 5 orang murid. Kelas 4 Cerdas ada 25 orang murid yang menyertai larian. Berapakah ★ yang perlu dilukis?
看图示算星星 = guna petunjuk
图示说一个星星代表几个人，就用总人数除以这个数。
例子：一个星星代表 4 个人，24 个人画 6 个星星。
注意：画完以后，用星星的数目乘以图示的数值检查，应该回到原来的人数。
using the key = guna petunjuk
The key says how many people one star stands for, so divide the total number of people by that number.
Example: if one star stands for 4 people, 24 people need 6 stars.
Watch out: afterwards multiply the number of stars by the key's value; you should get back the number you started with.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
piktograf · carta palang
Piktograf perlu tajuk, simbol yang sama saiz dan petunjuk. Carta palang perlu tajuk, label paksi dan senggatan yang sama besar bermula dari 0.
Latihan tambahan →