Tambah dan Tolak Jisim

千克加千克再减克 = kg tambah kg tolak g 先把两袋肥料的千克加起来：六加二等于八千克。接着要减去克，单位不同，所以把 8 kg 化成 8 000 g。八千减四百六十，个位零不够减，要连续向前借位：十位、百位的零借位后变成九。差是七千五百四十克。 例子：4 kg + 1 kg − 380 g = 5 000 g − 380 g = 4 620 g。 注意：连续借位时，中间的零变成九。

kilograms plus kilograms minus grams = kg tambah kg tolak g Add the two bags first: 6 + 2 = 8 kg. Grams are subtracted next, so change 8 kg into 8 000 g. In 8 000 − 460 the zeros are not enough, so borrow across them; each zero in the middle becomes 9. The result is 7 540 g. Example: 4 kg + 1 kg − 380 g = 5 000 g − 380 g = 4 620 g. Watch out: when borrowing across zeros, the middle zeros turn into nines.

用零占位 = sifar sebagai pemegang tempat 把几千克几克写成克：千克乘一千，再加上克。克的部分要占满百位、十位、个位三个位置，不够三位就用零补上。十二千克六十克写成一万二千零六十克；五千克八克写成五千零八克。没有补零，数值就变小很多。 例子：9 kg 35 g = 9 035 g；3 kg 400 g = 3 400 g。 注意：写成克以前，先看克是几位数。

zero as a place holder = sifar sebagai pemegang tempat To write kilograms and grams in grams, multiply the kilograms by 1 000 and add the grams. The grams must fill three places, hundreds, tens and ones, so use zeros when they have fewer digits: 12 kg 60 g is 12 060 g, and 5 kg 8 g is 5 008 g. Without the zeros the value becomes far too small. Example: 9 kg 35 g = 9 035 g; 3 kg 400 g = 3 400 g. Watch out: before writing in grams, check how many digits the grams have.

先减后加 = tolak, kemudian tambah 算式从左到右做。第一步：四十五克不够减七百八十克，向千克借一千克，1 kg = 1 000 g，一千加四十五等于一千零四十五克，减七百八十得二百六十五克，千克九变八。第二步：加三千克，克栏不变，千克八加三等于十一。 例子：5 kg 30 g − 600 g + 2 kg = 4 kg 430 g + 2 kg = 6 kg 430 g。 注意：借来的是一千克，要加到原来的克数上。

subtract, then add = tolak, kemudian tambah Work from left to right. Step 1: 45 g is not enough to take away 780 g, so borrow 1 kg as 1 000 g: 1 000 + 45 = 1 045 g, minus 780 gives 265 g, and 9 kg becomes 8 kg. Step 2: add 3 kg; the grams stay the same and 8 + 3 = 11 kg. Example: 5 kg 30 g − 600 g + 2 kg = 4 kg 430 g + 2 kg = 6 kg 430 g. Watch out: the borrowed 1 000 g is added to the grams already there.

竖式分栏算 = bentuk lazim kg dan g 第一步把二百六十五克和三十四千克七十克相加：克栏七十要对齐十位和个位，二百六十五加七十等于三百三十五克。第二步减八百一十五克：三百三十五不够减，借一千克变成一千三百三十五克，减去得五百二十克，千克三十四变三十三。最后化成克。 例子：150 g + 7 kg 40 g − 400 g = 7 kg 190 g − 400 g = 6 kg 790 g = 6 790 g。 注意：只有克的一项，千克栏空着。

column method with kg and g = bentuk lazim kg dan g Step 1 adds 265 g to 34 kg 70 g; the 70 sits under the tens and ones, and 265 + 70 = 335 g. Step 2 subtracts 815 g: 335 is not enough, so borrow 1 kg to make 1 335 g; the difference is 520 g and 34 kg becomes 33 kg. Finally write the answer in grams. Example: 150 g + 7 kg 40 g − 400 g = 7 kg 190 g − 400 g = 6 kg 790 g = 6 790 g. Watch out: an amount in grams only leaves the kilograms column empty.

全部化成克 = tukar semua kepada g 先把三十四千克七十克化成克：三万四千加七十，要写成三万四千零七十克，百位用零占位。然后按顺序算：先加二百六十五克，再减八百一十五克，都是普通整数的竖式。结果和方法一相同。你可以选自己觉得方便的方法，再用另一种检查。 例子：2 kg 45 g + 300 g = 2 045 g + 300 g = 2 345 g。 注意：化成克时如果漏了占位的零，后面全部会算错。

change everything to grams = tukar semua kepada g First write 34 kg 70 g in grams: 34 000 + 70, written 34 070 g with a zero holding the hundreds place. Then work in order: add 265 g and subtract 815 g as ordinary column sums. The result matches Way 1, so choose the way you find easier and use the other to check. Example: 2 kg 45 g + 300 g = 2 045 g + 300 g = 2 345 g. Watch out: a missing place-holder zero spoils every step after it.

先加后减 = tambah, kemudian tolak 第一步加：克栏六百八十加五百七十五等于一千二百五十五克，满一千，换成一千克，克栏剩二百五十五；千克十五加四加一等于二十。第二步要减的是六千九百四十五克，所以把二十千克二百五十五克化成两万零二百五十五克，再列竖式相减。 例子：3 kg 800 g + 1 kg 600 g − 2 500 g = 5 400 g − 2 500 g = 2 900 g。 注意：克栏满一千一定要进位。

add, then subtract = tambah, kemudian tolak Step 1 adds: grams 680 + 575 = 1 255 g, which passes 1 000, so 1 000 g become 1 kg and 255 g stay; kilograms 15 + 4 + 1 = 20. Step 2 takes away 6 945 g, so write 20 kg 255 g as 20 255 g and subtract in a column. Example: 3 kg 800 g + 1 kg 600 g − 2 500 g = 5 400 g − 2 500 g = 2 900 g. Watch out: always regroup when the grams column reaches 1 000.

判断等式对错 = benar atau tidak 判断方法：把等号两边都化成克，再比较。千克乘一千加克；一边有加减的，先算出来。两边的克数一样，这个式子才成立。每一个式子都要真的算一遍，不要只看数字像不像。可能不止一个式子成立。 例子：5 kg − 500 g = 5 000 g − 500 g = 4 500 g，所以“5 kg − 500 g = 4 kg 500 g”成立。 注意：看起来数字相同，不代表单位也相同。

true or not = benar atau tidak Change both sides of the equals sign into grams and compare them: kilograms × 1 000 plus the grams, and work out any + or − first. The sentence is true only when both sides have the same number of grams. Work out every sentence properly instead of judging by how the digits look. More than one sentence may be true. Example: 5 kg − 500 g = 5 000 g − 500 g = 4 500 g, so 5 kg − 500 g = 4 kg 500 g is true. Watch out: the same digits do not mean the same units.

其他质量单位 = unit jisim yang lain 除了克和千克，生活中还会看到斤（kati）、两（tahil）、磅（paun）和盎司（auns）。一斤是十六两，大约六百克，在巴刹买菜、买糖时常听到；两常用在黄金和传统药材。一磅是十六盎司，大约四百五十克，常出现在进口食品的包装上。 例子：半斤大约是三百克。 注意：这些是约数，计算题仍用克和千克。

other units of mass = unit jisim yang lain Besides grams and kilograms, you may meet kati, tahil, pounds (paun) and ounces (auns). One kati is 16 tahil, about 600 g, often heard at the market; tahil is used for gold and traditional medicine. One pound is 16 ounces, about 450 g, and appears on imported food labels. Example: half a kati is about 300 g. Watch out: these are approximate values; calculations still use grams and kilograms.

整千克减千克克 = tolak dari kg penuh 可以先把两个质量都化成克：千克乘一千加克，再列竖式相减，零不够减时连续借位。也可以分栏：克栏是零，向千克借 1 kg 变成 1 000 g，千克少一，再分别减，最后化成克。 例子：5 kg − 2 kg 470 g = 5 000 g − 2 470 g = 2 530 g。 注意：借了一千克以后，千克要少一。

subtracting from whole kilograms = tolak dari kg penuh You can change both masses into grams (kilograms × 1 000 plus grams) and subtract in a column, borrowing across the zeros. Or use unit columns: the grams column is 0, so borrow 1 kg as 1 000 g, make the kilograms one less, subtract each column and then write the answer in grams. Example: 5 kg − 2 kg 470 g = 5 000 g − 2 470 g = 2 530 g. Watch out: after borrowing 1 kg, the kilograms are one less.

千克克相加 = tambah kg dan g 克对克、千克对千克。先加克：和满一千克，就把 1 000 g 换成 1 kg送到千克栏，克栏留下余下的；再加千克，加上送来的一。答案写成几千克几克，克的部分要少于一千。 例子：4 kg 750 g + 1 kg 600 g → 5 kg 1 350 g → 6 kg 350 g。 注意：进位以后千克栏要多一。

adding kg and g = tambah kg dan g Line up grams with grams and kilograms with kilograms. Add the grams first; if they reach 1 000, change 1 000 g into 1 kg for the kilograms column and keep the rest. Then add the kilograms, including the carried one. The grams in the answer must be below 1 000. Example: 4 kg 750 g + 1 kg 600 g → 5 kg 1 350 g → 6 kg 350 g. Watch out: the kilograms go up by one after regrouping.