Tolak Ukuran Panjang

先化成毫米再减 = tukar kepada mm, kemudian tolak 两个高度先都化成毫米：三十五厘米二毫米是三百五十加二，等于三百五十二毫米；八厘米六毫米是八十加六，等于八十六毫米。然后列竖式相减，个位二不够减六，向十位借一，十二减六得六；十位的五借走一剩四，不够减八，再向百位借一，十四减八得六；百位三剩二。差是二百六十六毫米。 例子：9 cm 3 mm − 4 cm 5 mm = 93 mm − 45 mm = 48 mm。 注意：化成毫米时，厘米数要乘十。

change to millimetres, then subtract = tukar kepada mm, kemudian tolak Change both heights into millimetres: 35 cm 2 mm = 350 + 2 = 352 mm, and 8 cm 6 mm = 80 + 6 = 86 mm. Then subtract in a column, regrouping where a digit on top is too small. The difference is 266 mm. Example: 9 cm 3 mm − 4 cm 5 mm = 93 mm − 45 mm = 48 mm. Watch out: multiply the centimetres by ten when changing to millimetres.

借一厘米 = tukar 1 cm kepada 10 mm 毫米栏二不够减六，就向厘米栏借一厘米，一厘米是十毫米，十加二等于十二毫米，厘米三十五变三十四。十二减六得六毫米；三十四减八得二十六厘米。再化成毫米，和方法一的结果一样。 例子：7 cm 2 mm − 3 cm 9 mm = 6 cm 12 mm − 3 cm 9 mm = 3 cm 3 mm。 注意：借了以后，厘米栏要少一。

borrow a centimetre = tukar 1 cm kepada 10 mm In the millimetres column, 2 is less than 6, so borrow 1 cm from the centimetres column. One centimetre is 10 mm, so 10 + 2 = 12 mm, and 35 cm becomes 34 cm. 12 − 6 = 6 mm and 34 − 8 = 26 cm. Changing to millimetres gives the same result as Way 1. Example: 7 cm 2 mm − 3 cm 9 mm = 6 cm 12 mm − 3 cm 9 mm = 3 cm 3 mm. Watch out: after borrowing, the centimetres column is one less.

连减 = tolak berturut-turut 分两步：先用第一个长度减第二个，三毫米不够减七毫米，借一厘米变十三毫米，得四十五厘米六毫米。第二步要减去五十八毫米，先把它拆成五厘米八毫米，才能对齐分栏；六毫米不够减八，再借一厘米变十六毫米，得三十九厘米八毫米。 例子：50 cm − 12 cm 4 mm − 26 mm = 37 cm 6 mm − 2 cm 6 mm = 35 cm。 注意：只有毫米的数，先化成几厘米几毫米再对齐。

subtracting in a row = tolak berturut-turut Work in two steps. Step 1: 3 mm is less than 7 mm, so borrow 1 cm to make 13 mm, giving 45 cm 6 mm. Step 2 takes away 58 mm, so first split it into 5 cm 8 mm to fit the columns; 6 mm is less than 8 mm, so borrow again to make 16 mm, giving 39 cm 8 mm. Example: 50 cm − 12 cm 4 mm − 26 mm = 37 cm 6 mm − 2 cm 6 mm = 35 cm. Watch out: a length in millimetres only must be split into centimetres and millimetres before lining it up.

整千米减千米米 = tolak dari km penuh 三十千米的米栏是零，不够减二百五十米，所以向千米借一千米，1 km = 1 000 m，千米栏由三十变二十九，米栏变一千。一千减二百五十得七百五十米，二十九减十六得十三千米。剩下的路程就用减法求出。 例子：8 km − 2 km 400 m = 7 km 1 000 m − 2 km 400 m = 5 km 600 m。 注意：借来的是一千米，不是十米或一百米。

whole kilometres minus km and m = tolak dari km penuh The 30 km has 0 in its metres column, which is not enough to take away 250 m. Borrow 1 km, which is 1 000 m: the kilometres become 29 and the metres become 1 000. 1 000 − 250 = 750 m and 29 − 16 = 13 km. That is the distance still to run. Example: 8 km − 2 km 400 m = 7 km 1 000 m − 2 km 400 m = 5 km 600 m. Watch out: you borrow 1 000 m, not 10 m or 100 m.

千米米连减 = tolak km dan m berturut-turut 第一步：二十一千米没有米，借 1 km，变成 20 km 1 000 m，减去五千米三百八十米，得十五千米六百二十米。第二步：六百二十米不够减八百四十五米，再借一千米，一千六百二十减八百四十五得七百七十五米，十四减九得五千米。最后化成米：五千加七百七十五。 例子：10 km − 3 km 500 m − 2 km 700 m = 6 km 500 m − 2 km 700 m = 3 km 800 m = 3 800 m。 注意：每一步不够减都要重新借。

subtracting km and m in a row = tolak km dan m berturut-turut Step 1: 21 km has no metres, so borrow to make 20 km 1 000 m, then take away 5 km 380 m to get 15 km 620 m. Step 2: 620 m is less than 845 m, so borrow again: 1 620 − 845 = 775 m and 14 − 9 = 5 km. In metres, that is 5 000 + 775. Example: 10 km − 3 km 500 m − 2 km 700 m = 6 km 500 m − 2 km 700 m = 3 km 800 m = 3 800 m. Watch out: borrow again in any step where the metres are not enough.

其他长度单位 = unit panjang yang lain 除了毫米、厘米、米和千米，生活中还会看到英寸（inci）、英尺（kaki）、码（ela）和英里（batu）。电视屏幕大小常用英寸表示，飞机飞行高度常用英尺表示，以前买布用码，一些老路名的“Batu”就是用英里算的路程。课堂计算仍以毫米、厘米、米、千米为主。 例子：一台 43 英寸的电视，指的是屏幕对角线的长度。 注意：不同单位不能直接相加减，要先统一单位。

other units of length = unit panjang yang lain Besides millimetres, centimetres, metres and kilometres, people still use inches (inci), feet (kaki), yards (ela) and miles (batu). Television screens are measured in inches, aircraft height in feet, cloth was once sold by the yard, and some old road names with 'Batu' count distance in miles. Our calculations still use mm, cm, m and km. Example: a 43-inch television is measured along the diagonal of its screen. Watch out: different units cannot be added or subtracted directly; make the units the same first.

厘米毫米相减化毫米 = tolak cm dan mm, jawapan dalam mm 可以先把两个长度都化成毫米再列竖式减；也可以分栏减，毫米不够减就借一厘米当十毫米，最后再把结果化成毫米。两种方法算出来应该一样，可以互相检查。 例子：23 cm 1 mm − 6 cm 5 mm → 231 mm − 65 mm → 166 mm。 注意：不能因为上面的毫米比较小，就用下面的减上面的。

subtracting cm and mm, answer in mm = tolak cm dan mm, jawapan dalam mm You can change both lengths into millimetres and subtract in a column, or subtract in unit columns, borrowing 1 cm as 10 mm when the millimetres are not enough, and then change the result into millimetres. Both ways should agree, so one checks the other. Example: 23 cm 1 mm − 6 cm 5 mm → 231 mm − 65 mm → 166 mm. Watch out: do not take the top millimetres from the bottom ones just because the top digit is smaller.

整千米相减 = tolak dari km penuh 被减数只有千米，米栏当作零。零米不够减，就借 1 km 换成 1 000 m，千米数少一；然后一千米减去要减的米数，再减千米。 例子：15 km − 4 km 820 m → 14 km 1 000 m − 4 km 820 m → 10 km 180 m。 注意：借了一千米以后，千米栏一定要减少一。

subtracting from whole kilometres = tolak dari km penuh The first number has kilometres only, so its metres column is 0. Zero metres is not enough, so borrow 1 km as 1 000 m and make the kilometres one less. Then subtract the metres from 1 000 and subtract the kilometres. Example: 15 km − 4 km 820 m → 14 km 1 000 m − 4 km 820 m → 10 km 180 m. Watch out: after borrowing, the kilometres must go down by one.