Jana Minda

读数 = baca nombor 五位数先读前两位组成的“几万几千”，再读后面三位。后三位里如果某一位是零，那一位就不读出来。读完可以倒过来检查：把马来文写回数字，要和原来的数一样。 例子：40 012 = empat puluh ribu dua belas；70 506 = tujuh puluh ribu lima ratus enam。 注意：百位是零时不能读成 ratus，十位是零时也不能读成 puluh。

reading a number = baca nombor For a five-digit number, read the first two digits as thousands, then read the last three digits. If one of those digits is zero, that place is not said. Check by writing the words back as digits; they must match the number. Example: 40 012 = empat puluh ribu dua belas; 70 506 = tujuh puluh ribu lima ratus enam. Watch out: a zero hundreds digit is not read as ratus, and a zero tens digit is not read as puluh.

数值 = nilai digit 一个数字的数值由它所在的数位决定。先想一想七万是七在哪一个数位，再看每个选项里的七站在哪一位，用数位表从右数起：个、十、百、千、万。 例子：85 106 里的 8 在万位，数值是 80 000；1 在百位，数值是 100。 注意：同一个数字在不同的位置，数值完全不一样。

digit value = nilai digit A digit's value depends on its place. First decide which place a 7 must be in to be worth 70 000, then see where the 7 stands in each number, counting places from the right: ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands. Example: in 85 106 the 8 is in the ten thousands and worth 80 000; the 1 is in the hundreds and worth 100. Watch out: the same digit in a different place has a completely different value.

取整到千 = bundar kepada ribu 取整到最接近的千，要看千位右边的那一位，也就是百位：小于五，千位不变；五或以上，千位加一。然后千位右边的数字全部写成零。取整的结果一定是整千。 例子：36 812 → 37 000（百位 8 ≥ 5）；12 350 → 12 000（百位 3 < 5）。 注意：取整只看紧挨着的右边那一位，更右边的数字不影响结果。

rounding to the nearest thousand = bundar kepada ribu To round to the nearest thousand, look at the digit to the right of the thousands, the hundreds: less than 5, the thousands digit stays; 5 or more, it goes up by 1. Then every digit to its right becomes 0, so the result is a whole thousand. Example: 36 812 → 37 000 because 8 ≥ 5; 12 350 → 12 000 because 3 < 5. Watch out: only the digit just to the right decides; digits further right do not change the result.

乘除混合 = darab dan bahagi 算式先乘后除，从左到右：先求积，再用长除法除以九。也可以先约简：乘数三和除数九可以约，变成除以三，数字比较小。最后可以用乘法检查。 例子：4 × 1 500 ÷ 6 = 6 000 ÷ 6 = 1 000。 注意：乘完以后一定要除；长除法中间不够除的时候，商要写零。

multiply and divide = darab dan bahagi The sentence multiplies then divides, so from left to right: find the product, then long-divide by 9. Or simplify first: the 3 and the 9 cancel to leave ÷ 3, which keeps the numbers small. Check by multiplying. Example: 4 × 1 500 ÷ 6 = 6 000 ÷ 6 = 1 000. Watch out: after multiplying you must still divide, and a 0 must be written when a step of the long division is too small.

数的模式 = pola nombor 找模式时，先用后一个数减前一个数，看看每次增加或减少多少。检查每一对相邻的数，差都一样，才是这个模式。然后用最后一个数再加上同样的差。 例子：1 200、1 450、1 700、1 950，每次加 250。 注意：加的时候会跨过千位，要小心进位。

number pattern = pola nombor To find the pattern, subtract each number from the next to see how much it goes up or down each time. Check every neighbouring pair; the difference must be the same. Then add that difference to the last number. Example: 1 200, 1 450, 1 700, 1 950 goes up by 250 each time. Watch out: adding may cross into the next thousand, so carry carefully.

带分数相加 = tambah nombor bercampur 两个分数的分母不一样，先把其中一个化成同分母的等值分数，再把分子相加；整数部分另外相加。分母保持不变。 例子：1又1/2 + 2又1/4 = 1又2/4 + 2又1/4 = 3又3/4。 注意：分母不能相加；分子相加以后如果超过分母，要进一个整数。

adding mixed numbers = tambah nombor bercampur The denominators are different, so first change one fraction into an equivalent fraction with the same denominator, then add the numerators; add the whole numbers separately. The denominator stays the same. Example: 1 1/2 + 2 1/4 = 1 2/4 + 2 1/4 = 3 3/4. Watch out: never add the denominators, and carry a whole one if the numerator becomes bigger than the denominator.

连减分数 = tolak pecahan berturut-turut 先把所有分数化成同一个分母。整数减带分数时，要从整数借一，写成“几又几分之几”的形式再减。按从左到右做两次减法。 例子：4 − 1又1/2 − 1又1/4 = 3又4/4 − 1又2/4 − 1又1/4 = 1又1/4。 注意：借一以后整数要少一，分子要加上一个分母那么多。

subtracting fractions twice = tolak pecahan berturut-turut First give all the fractions the same denominator. To take a mixed number from a whole number, borrow 1 and write the whole number as a mixed number, then subtract. Do the two subtractions from left to right. Example: 4 − 1 1/2 − 1 1/4 = 3 4/4 − 1 2/4 − 1 1/4 = 1 1/4. Watch out: after borrowing 1, the whole number is 1 less and the numerator grows by the denominator.

求几分之几 = pecahan daripada kuantiti “七分之三”表示把总数平均分成七份，取其中三份。所以先用总数除以分母，求出一份；再乘分子，求出三份。结果一定比总数小。 例子：2/5 daripada 40：40 ÷ 5 = 8，8 × 2 = 16。 注意：求出一份以后还要乘分子，不能停在一份。

a fraction of a quantity = pecahan daripada kuantiti Three sevenths means splitting the amount into 7 equal parts and taking 3. So divide by the denominator to find one part, then multiply by the numerator. The result is smaller than the whole. Example: 2/5 of 40: 40 ÷ 5 = 8, and 8 × 2 = 16. Watch out: after finding one part, still multiply by the numerator.

小数加减混合 = tambah dan tolak perpuluhan 先把小数位数补齐：小数位少的补零，整数后面写点零零零，小数点全部对齐。然后从左到右：先减，再加。减的时候从最右边一位开始借位。 例子：20.5 − 1.125 + 3 = 20.500 − 1.125 + 3.000 = 22.375。 注意：加号后面的数要加上去，不能减。

adding and subtracting decimals = tambah dan tolak perpuluhan First give every number the same number of decimal places: add zeros to the shorter ones and write the whole number with .000, lining up all the points. Then work left to right: subtract, then add, borrowing from the rightmost place. Example: 20.5 − 1.125 + 3 = 20.500 − 1.125 + 3.000 = 22.375. Watch out: the number after the plus sign is added, not subtracted.

求被减数 = cari nilai asal 方框是原来的数，先后减去两个数以后剩下题目的结果。倒过来想：把剩下的数加回被减去的两个数，就回到原来的数。算好以后代回原式检查。 例子：□ − 3.5 − 1.2 = 5.3 → □ = 5.3 + 3.5 + 1.2 = 10。 注意：两个被减去的数都要加回去，漏掉一个或把它减掉都不对。

find the starting number = cari nilai asal The box is the starting number; after two numbers are taken away, the result is left. Work backwards: add the two numbers taken away back onto the result to return to the start. Put it back into the sentence to check. Example: □ − 3.5 − 1.2 = 5.3, so □ = 5.3 + 3.5 + 1.2 = 10. Watch out: both numbers taken away must be added back; missing one or subtracting it is wrong.

求百分比 = cari peratusan 先把“卖出的数目”写成分子，“全部的数目”写成分母，得到一个分数；把分数约到最简，再化成分母是一百的等值分数，分子就是百分之几。 例子：9 daripada 45 = 9/45 = 1/5 = 20/100 = 20%。 注意：不能直接把卖出的数目当成百分比，一定要先和全部比较。

find the percentage = cari peratusan Write the number sold as the numerator and the whole amount as the denominator. Simplify the fraction, then change it to an equivalent fraction out of 100; the numerator is the percentage. Example: 9 of 45 = 9/45 = 1/5 = 20/100 = 20%. Watch out: the number sold is not the percentage by itself; always compare it with the whole.

除以一百 = bahagi seratus 除以一百，每个数字都往右移两位，看起来就是小数点往左移两格。整数的小数点在个位后面，从那里往左数两格。 例子：2 875 ÷ 100 = 28.75；630 ÷ 100 = 6.3。 注意：除以十移一格，除以一百移两格，除以一千移三格，不要数错。

dividing by 100 = bahagi seratus Dividing by 100 moves every digit two places right, which looks like the decimal point moving two places left. A whole number's point is after the ones, so count two places left from there. Example: 2 875 ÷ 100 = 28.75; 630 ÷ 100 = 6.3. Watch out: ÷ 10 moves one place, ÷ 100 two places and ÷ 1 000 three places; count carefully.

两步金额题 = dua langkah 第一步：“dijumlahkan”表示先把两个金额加起来。第二步：“lebihnya … berbanding”问多多少，要用和减去后面给的金额。每一步都写竖式，对齐数位。 例子：RM300 和 RM200 的和，比 RM100 多 RM500 − RM100 = RM400。 注意：求出和只是第一步；把三个金额全部加起来更不对。

a two-step money question = dua langkah Step 1: dijumlahkan means add the two amounts first. Step 2: lebihnya … berbanding asks how much more, so subtract the third amount from the sum. Use columns and line up the places in each step. Example: the sum of RM300 and RM200 is RM400 more than RM100, because RM500 − RM100 = RM400. Watch out: the sum is only step 1, and adding all three amounts is even further off.

沙特阿拉伯的货币 = mata wang Arab Saudi 回想第三章的货币表：每个国家都有自己的货币名称。沙特阿拉伯在中东，想一想那一行写的是哪一种货币。有几个货币名称听起来相似，要看清楚。 例子：日本 → 日元；孟加拉国 → 塔卡。 注意：名称相似的货币属于不同的国家，不要混淆。

Saudi Arabia's currency = mata wang Arab Saudi Recall the currency table in Chapter 3: each country has its own currency name. Saudi Arabia is in the Middle East; think which currency was on its row. Some names sound alike, so read carefully. Example: Japan → yen; Bangladesh → taka. Watch out: similar-sounding currencies belong to different countries, so do not mix them up.

寄钱的方式 = cara menghantar wang 题目的线索有两个：在哪里买（邮局），用来做什么（把钱寄给某个人）。回想第三章学过的每一种付款方式和它的特点，找出同时符合这两个线索的一种。 例子：在银行开的支票也可以写上收款人的名字，但它是在银行办理的。 注意：先看清楚题目说的地点，再想用途，两个线索都要符合。

a way to send money = cara menghantar wang The question has two clues: where it is bought (the post office) and what it is for (sending money to someone). Recall each way to pay from Chapter 3 and its features, and find the one that fits both clues. Example: a cheque can also carry a receiver's name, but it is issued through a bank. Watch out: read the place in the question first, then think about the use; both clues must fit.

奇数和偶数 = nombor ganjil dan genap 判断一个数是奇数还是偶数，只要看个位：个位是 0、2、4、6、8 的是偶数；个位是 1、3、5、7、9 的是奇数。前面的数字多大都没有关系。 例子：30 485 的个位是 5，是奇数；71 204 的个位是 4，是偶数。 注意：不要看万位或千位，只有个位决定奇偶。

odd and even numbers = nombor ganjil dan genap To tell whether a number is odd or even, look only at the ones digit: 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 means even; 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 means odd. The other digits do not matter. Example: 30 485 ends in 5, so it is odd; 71 204 ends in 4, so it is even. Watch out: do not look at the ten thousands or thousands; only the ones digit decides.

数位分解 = cerakin mengikut nilai digit 把几个数值合成一个数时，每个数值放在自己的数位上：万位、千位、百位、十位、个位。题目没有给的数位要写零占位，数才不会变短。可以用数位表帮忙。 例子：30 000 + 5 000 + 20 + 7 = 35 027。 注意：千位和十位都是零时也要写出零，不能省掉。

place-value partition = cerakin mengikut nilai digit To build a number from its values, put each value in its own place: ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens, ones. Places with no value get a 0 as a placeholder so the number does not shrink. A place-value chart helps. Example: 30 000 + 5 000 + 20 + 7 = 35 027. Watch out: when the thousands or tens are empty, write a 0 there; do not leave it out.

降序排列 = tertib menurun 比较几个五位数的大小，从最高位（万位）比起：万位大的数比较大；万位一样，再比千位；再一样就比百位。降序就是从最大排到最小。四个数的数字很相似，要一位一位比。 例子：36 210、63 120、32 610 的降序是 63 120、36 210、32 610。 注意：升序是从小到大，降序是从大到小，不要排反。

descending order = tertib menurun To compare five-digit numbers, start from the highest place, the ten thousands: the bigger digit there means the bigger number; if they are equal, compare the thousands, then the hundreds. Descending means from biggest to smallest. These numbers use similar digits, so compare place by place. Example: 36 210, 63 120 and 32 610 in descending order are 63 120, 36 210, 32 610. Watch out: ascending goes from smallest to biggest and descending from biggest to smallest; do not reverse them.

取整到万 = bundar kepada puluh ribu 取整到最接近的万，要看万位右边的千位：千位小于五，万位不变；千位是五或以上，万位加一。然后千、百、十、个位都写零，结果一定是整万。 例子：23 816 → 20 000（千位 3 < 5）；85 002 → 90 000（千位 5）。 注意：取整到万只看千位，不看百位和十位。

rounding to the nearest ten thousand = bundar kepada puluh ribu To round to the nearest ten thousand, look at the thousands digit: less than 5, the ten thousands digit stays; 5 or more, it goes up by 1. Then the thousands, hundreds, tens and ones all become 0, so the result is a whole ten thousand. Example: 23 816 → 20 000 because 3 < 5; 85 002 → 90 000 because the thousands digit is 5. Watch out: rounding to ten thousands looks only at the thousands digit, not at the hundreds or tens.

取整反推 = bundar songsang 反过来想：哪些数取整到千会变成那个整千？比它小一点的数，百位要是五或以上才会进上去；比它大一点的数，百位要小于五才会舍去。最简单的方法是把每个选项都取整一次，看看哪个结果符合。 例子：取整到千后是 25 000 的数，可以是 24 500 到 25 499 之间的数，例如 24 780。 注意：比整千小的数也可能取整成那个整千，要看百位。

rounding backwards = bundar songsang Think backwards: which numbers round to that whole thousand? A number just below it must have a hundreds digit of 5 or more to round up; a number just above it must have a hundreds digit less than 5 to round down. The easiest way is to round every choice and see which result fits. Example: numbers that round to 25 000 run from 24 500 to 25 499, such as 24 780. Watch out: a number below the whole thousand can still round to it; look at the hundreds digit.

假分数化带分数 = pecahan tak wajar ke nombor bercampur 用分子除以分母：商就是整数部分，余数就是新的分子，分母保持不变。可以用乘法检查：整数乘分母再加分子，要回到原来的分子。 例子：17/3：17 ÷ 3 = 5 余 2，写成 5又2/3；检查 5 × 3 + 2 = 17。 注意：余数写在分子，不要把商和余数的位置放反。

improper fraction to mixed number = pecahan tak wajar ke nombor bercampur Divide the numerator by the denominator: the quotient is the whole number and the remainder is the new numerator; the denominator stays. Check by multiplying the whole number by the denominator and adding the numerator. Example: 17/3: 17 ÷ 3 = 5 r 2, so 5 2/3; check 5 × 3 + 2 = 17. Watch out: the remainder goes in the numerator; do not swap the quotient and the remainder.

带分数化假分数 = nombor bercampur ke pecahan tak wajar 把整数部分化成同分母的分数：整数乘分母；再加上原来的分子，就是新的分子；分母不变。 例子：2又3/4 = (2 × 4 + 3)/4 = 11/4。 注意：分母不变，也不能把整数直接加到分子上。

mixed number to improper fraction = nombor bercampur ke pecahan tak wajar Change the whole number into a fraction with the same denominator by multiplying it by the denominator, then add the old numerator to get the new numerator; the denominator stays. Example: 2 3/4 = (2 × 4 + 3)/4 = 11/4. Watch out: the denominator does not change, and the whole number is not simply added to the numerator.

分数化百分比 = pecahan ke peratus 百分比就是分母是一百的分数。把分母乘到一百，分子也要乘同一个数，得到“一百分之几”，分子就是百分之几。 例子：7/20 = 35/100 = 35%（分子分母都乘 5）。 注意：分子和分母要乘同一个数，不能只改分母。

fraction to percentage = pecahan ke peratus A percentage is a fraction out of 100. Multiply the denominator to make 100 and multiply the numerator by the same number; the new numerator is the percentage. Example: 7/20 = 35/100 = 35%, multiplying top and bottom by 5. Watch out: multiply the numerator and denominator by the same number; do not change only the denominator.

百分比化分数 = peratus ke pecahan 百分之几就是一百分之几，先写成分母是一百的分数，再用分子和分母的公因数约分，一直约到最简。 例子：64% = 64/100 = 16/25。 注意：要约到最简，分子分母除了一以外没有公因数为止。

percentage to fraction = peratus ke pecahan A percentage is a number out of 100, so write it over 100, then divide the numerator and denominator by a common factor until it is in its simplest form. Example: 64% = 64/100 = 16/25. Watch out: keep simplifying until the numerator and denominator have no common factor except 1.

小数乘整数 = darab perpuluhan 先不看小数点，把小数当作整数去乘，每一位都要加进位；乘完以后，积的小数位数和原来的小数一样，从右边数回去点上小数点。 例子：1.205 × 6 = 7.230 = 7.23。 注意：积的小数位数要和被乘数一样，点错位置答案会大十倍或小十倍。

multiplying a decimal = darab perpuluhan Ignore the point and multiply as whole numbers, adding every carry. Then give the product the same number of decimal places as the decimal, counting from the right. Example: 1.205 × 6 = 7.230 = 7.23. Watch out: the product has as many decimal places as the decimal; a wrong point makes the answer ten times too big or too small.

小数除以整数 = bahagi perpuluhan 用长除法，和整数除法一样从最高位除起；除到小数点时，把商的小数点写在被除数小数点的正上方，然后继续除。最后用乘法检查。 例子：56.25 ÷ 5 = 11.25。 注意：商的数字要按次序写，不能把十分位和百分位写反。

dividing a decimal = bahagi perpuluhan Use long division from the highest place, just like whole numbers; when you reach the point, put the answer's point straight above it and keep dividing. Check by multiplying. Example: 56.25 ÷ 5 = 11.25. Watch out: write the digits in order; do not swap the tenths and hundredths.

估计容量 = anggar isi padu 估计时先找一个知道容量的“参考物”，再比较：目标比参考物多还是少，大约是它的几分之几。记住一升等于一千毫升，就能把升和毫升互相换算。 例子：一桶水是 10 ℓ，一个水盆大约装半桶 → 大约 5 ℓ。 注意：估计值要合理，单位也要看清楚是升还是毫升。

estimating volume = anggar isi padu To estimate, start from a reference container whose volume you know, then compare: is the target more or less, and about what fraction of it? Remember 1 ℓ = 1 000 mℓ to change between litres and millilitres. Example: a pail holds 10 ℓ and a basin holds about half a pail, so about 5 ℓ. Watch out: the estimate must be sensible, and check whether the unit is litres or millilitres.