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竖式加法 = tambah bentuk lazim 先把两个数按数位对齐：个位对个位、十位对十位。从个位开始加，某一位的和满 10，就只写个位数，把 1 进到左边一位（红色小字就是进位）。一位一位加到最左边。 例子：25 468 + 3 745：个位 8+5=13 写 3 进 1；十位 6+4+1=11 写 1 进 1……答案 29 213。 注意：进上去的 1 一定要加进下一位，不能忘记。

column addition = tambah bentuk lazim Line the numbers up by place value: ones under ones, tens under tens. Start adding from the ones. If a column adds up to 10 or more, write only the ones digit and carry 1 to the next place on the left (the small red digit). Work column by column to the left. Example: 25 468 + 3 745: ones 8 + 5 = 13, write 3 carry 1; tens 6 + 4 + 1 = 11, write 1 carry 1; the answer is 29 213. Watch out: always add the carried 1 into the next column.

分两步加 = tambah dalam dua langkah 三个数相加时，可以先挑两个数加起来，得到一个中间答案，再用这个中间答案加上第三个数。每一步都只是两个数相加，比较不容易出错。 例子：1 250 + 3 400 + 350 → 先 1 250 + 3 400 = 4 650，再 + 350 = 5 000。 注意：第一步的得数要写清楚，第二步才不会抄错。

add in two steps = tambah dalam dua langkah When adding three numbers, you can add two of them first to get a middle answer, then add the third number to it. Each step adds only two numbers, so mistakes are less likely. Example: 1 250 + 3 400 + 350: first 1 250 + 3 400 = 4 650, then + 350 = 5 000. Watch out: write the first answer clearly so you do not copy it wrongly in step 2.

一次过加 = tambah sekali gus 把三个数按数位对齐，一次过从个位加起，同一列的三个数字一起加，满十就进位。这样和分两步加的答案完全一样，只是写得比较短。 例子：105 + 230 + 64 → 个位 5+0+4=9，十位 0+3+6=9，百位 1+2=3，答案 399。 注意：一次过加时，一列的和可能超过 20，要进 2。

add in one go = tambah sekali gus Line up all three numbers by place value and add each column in one go, carrying when a column reaches 10 or more. The answer is exactly the same as adding in two steps; it is just shorter to write. Example: 105 + 230 + 64: ones 5 + 0 + 4 = 9, tens 0 + 3 + 6 = 9, hundreds 1 + 2 = 3, so 399. Watch out: in one go, a column can add up to 20 or more, so you may carry 2.

四个数相加 = tambah empat nombor 四个数对齐后，每一列有好几个数字要加。可以先找出能凑成 10 的两个数字（例如 8 和 2、3 和 7），先加它们，再加其他数字，这样比较快、比较不容易错。 例子：十位数字 6、4、9、1 → 先 6+4=10，再 9+1=10，一共 20。 注意：每一列加完，别忘了进位。

adding four numbers = tambah empat nombor When four numbers are lined up, each column has several digits to add. First look for two digits that make 10 (such as 8 and 2, or 3 and 7), add those, and then add the rest. This is quicker and helps avoid mistakes. Example: tens digits 6, 4, 9 and 1: 6 + 4 = 10 and 9 + 1 = 10, which makes 20. Watch out: remember to carry after each column.

先估计 = anggar dahulu 把每个加数取整到最接近的千，再心算相加，得到一个估计值。然后用竖式算出准确答案，看它和估计值是不是很接近。接近就表示答案合理；差很多就要回头检查。 例子：18 870 + 9 240 ≈ 19 000 + 9 000 = 28 000，准确答案 28 110，接近，合理。 注意：估计值只用来检查，最后要写准确答案。

estimate first = anggar dahulu Round each number to the nearest thousand and add them in your head to get an estimate. Then work out the exact answer in columns and see whether it is close to the estimate. If it is close, the answer is reasonable; if it is far off, check again. Example: 18 870 + 9 240 ≈ 19 000 + 9 000 = 28 000; the exact answer 28 110 is close, so it is reasonable. Watch out: the estimate is only for checking; the final answer must be exact.

求缺的加数 = cari nombor yang tidak diketahui 总数已经知道，缺一个加数。先把已知的加数加起来，再用总数减去这个和，就得到缺的数。这是因为加法和减法是相反的运算。 例子：3 000 + □ = 8 700 → □ = 8 700 − 3 000 = 5 700。 注意：最后要把答案放回原式加一次，检查总数对不对。

find the missing number = cari nombor yang tidak diketahui The total is known but one number being added is missing. Add the known numbers first, then subtract that sum from the total to find the missing number. This works because addition and subtraction undo each other. Example: 3 000 + □ = 8 700, so □ = 8 700 − 3 000 = 5 700. Watch out: put your answer back into the number sentence and add to check the total.

进位加法 = tambah dengan kumpul semula 题目是一个五位数加一个四位数。先按数位对齐，个位对个位；从个位开始一列一列往左加。某一列满 10，就只写个位数，把 1 进到左边一列，下一列加的时候要把这个 1 也加进去。 例子：18 596 + 4 708 → 个位 6+8=14 写 4 进 1，十位 9+0+1=10 写 0 进 1，百位 5+7+1=13 写 3 进 1，千位 8+4+1=13 写 3 进 1，万位 1+1=2 → 23 304。 注意：连续好几列都要进位时，最容易漏掉其中一次；做完可以用估计检查大小。

addition with carrying = tambah dengan kumpul semula Add a five-digit number and a four-digit number. Line them up by place value and add column by column from the ones. When a column makes 10 or more, write the ones digit and carry 1 into the next column. Example: 18 596 + 4 708: ones 6 + 8 = 14, tens 9 + 0 + 1 = 10, hundreds 5 + 7 + 1 = 13, thousands 8 + 4 + 1 = 13, ten thousands 1 + 1 = 2, giving 23 304. Watch out: with many carries in a row it is easy to miss one, so check the size with an estimate.

三个数一次加 = tambah tiga nombor sekali gus 三个数先按数位对齐（四位数要往右对齐个位）。从个位开始，每一列把三个数字加起来，再加上从右边进上来的数。一列的和可能超过 20，这时要进 2。 例子：2 345 + 5 678 + 1 118 → 个位 5+8+8=21 写 1 进 2，十位 4+7+1+2=14 写 4 进 1，百位 3+6+1+1=11 写 1 进 1，千位 2+5+1+1=9 → 9 141。 注意：三个数字相加时，一列满二十要进 2；位数不同的数要按个位对齐。

adding three numbers at once = tambah tiga nombor sekali gus Line up the three numbers by place value, with the four-digit one aligned at the ones. Add each column, including anything carried in. A column can reach 20 or more, and then you carry 2. Example: 2 345 + 5 678 + 1 118: ones 5 + 8 + 8 = 21, write 1 carry 2; tens 4 + 7 + 1 + 2 = 14; hundreds 3 + 6 + 1 + 1 = 11; thousands 2 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 9, giving 9 141. Watch out: a column of three digits can make 20 or more, so carry 2 when needed.

估计和 = anggar jumlah 题目要求先把每个数取整到最接近的千，再相加得到估计值。每个数各自取整：看百位，0 到 4 千位不变，5 到 9 千位加 1。取整好了再把两个整千相加。 例子：12 610 + 5 380 → 13 000 + 5 000 = 18 000。 注意：要先取整、后相加；不要把准确的和算出来再取整，两种做法有时答案不同。

estimate the total = anggar jumlah Round each number to the nearest thousand first, then add the rounded numbers. For each number look at its hundreds digit: 0 to 4 keep the thousands, 5 to 9 add 1. Example: 12 610 + 5 380 ≈ 13 000 + 5 000 = 18 000. Watch out: round first, then add; working out the exact sum and rounding it can give a different answer.

先加后减 = tambah, kemudian tolak 这是一个有空格的加法式子，总数已经知道。做法：先把已知的两个加数加起来；再用总数减去这个和，就得到空格里的数。最后把答案放回原式，三个数相加，看看是不是等于总数。 例子：4 000 + □ + 1 700 = 9 000 → 已知数的和是 5 700 → □ = 9 000 − 5 700 = 3 300。 注意：已知数的和只是中间结果，还要做减法；从整万减时要连续借位。

add, then subtract = tambah, kemudian tolak The total of the number sentence is known and one number is missing. Add the two known numbers, subtract that sum from the total, then put your answer back and add all three to check. Example: 4 000 + □ + 1 700 = 9 000; the known numbers make 5 700, so □ = 9 000 − 5 700 = 3 300. Watch out: the sum of the known numbers is only a middle step, and subtracting from a whole ten thousand needs regrouping across several places.