Unit 9
Anggaran
Ada berapa biji manik dalam balang Q?
Kita tidak mengira satu per satu. Kita menganggar.
估计 = anggaran；参照物 = set rujukan
当东西太多、没时间一个一个数的时候，我们可以估计。估计要有根据：先找一个已经知道数量的东西做参照，再看要估计的东西大约是它的几分之几或几倍。
例子：一包米是 5 公斤，另一堆米看起来有两包那么多，就估计大约 10 公斤。
注意：估计不是乱猜，要说得出理由。
estimate = anggaran; reference set = set rujukan
When there are too many things to count one by one, we can estimate. A good estimate has a reason: first find something whose amount we already know, then see whether the unknown amount is about half of it, the same, or a few times as much.
Example: one bag of rice is 5 kg; another heap looks like two bags, so we estimate about 10 kg.
Watch out: estimating is not wild guessing; we must be able to explain it.
Set rujukan
Gunakan balang yang diketahui
Balang P penuh = 10 000 biji
P10 000 biji
Qseparuh
Separuh daripada 10 000 ialah 5 000.
Balang Q ada lebih kurang 5 000 biji manik.
用参照物估计 = anggar dengan set rujukan
两个瓶子一样大，P 装满时有 10 000 颗珠子，这就是参照物。Q 只装了一半，所以 Q 的珠子大约是 10 000 的一半，也就是大约 5 000 颗。
例子：满杯水是 200 毫升，四分之一杯大约是 50 毫升。
注意：马来文说“大约”用 lebih kurang 或 hampir。
estimate with a reference = anggar dengan set rujukan
The two jars are the same size. Jar P, when full, holds 10 000 beads; this is our reference. Jar Q is only half full, so it holds about half of 10 000, which is about 5 000 beads.
Example: a full cup holds 200 ml, so a quarter cup is about 50 ml.
Watch out: in Malay we say lebih kurang or hampir for about.
Berapa kali?
Anggar dengan gandaan
Tangki X = 3 000 ℓ
X
3 000 ℓ
Y
≈ 3 × 3 000 ℓ
3 × 3 000 ℓ = 9 000 ℓ → tangki Y lebih kurang 9 000 ℓ
用几倍来估计 = anggar dengan gandaan
把要估计的量和参照物比一比，看它大约是参照物的几倍，再用乘法算出估计值。条形图可以帮助我们看出大约是几倍。
例子：一箱书约 40 本，桌上的书看起来有 5 箱那么多，就估计大约 200 本。
注意：估计的答案前面要加上“大约”，因为它不是准确的数。
estimate by multiples = anggar dengan gandaan
Compare the amount with the reference and see about how many times as big it is, then multiply to get the estimate. A bar diagram helps us see how many times.
Example: one box holds about 40 books; the pile on the table looks like 5 boxes, so we estimate about 200 books.
Watch out: say about in front of an estimate, because it is not an exact number.
Anggaran munasabah
Anggaran siapakah paling tepat?
Balang R sama besar dengan P (10 000 biji). Balang R hampir penuh.
P10 000
R?
Ali: 4 000Mira: 9 000 ✔Chen: 12 000
合理的估计 = anggaran munasabah
判断估计是否合理，要和参照物比较：R 和 P 一样大，而 R 快满了，所以数量要比 10 000 少一点，但很接近 10 000。4 000 太少，12 000 超过了装满的数量，都不合理。
例子：一辆满载的巴士坐 40 人，快坐满时估计 35 人比估计 10 人合理。
注意：估计的数不能超过容器装满时的数量。
a reasonable estimate = anggaran munasabah
To judge an estimate, compare it with the reference. R is the same size as P and is nearly full, so it holds a little less than 10 000 but close to it. 4 000 is far too few, and 12 000 is more than a full jar can hold.
Example: a full bus seats 40; when it is nearly full, 35 people is a better estimate than 10.
Watch out: an estimate cannot be more than the container holds when full.
Cuba anggar
Balang S sama besar dengan P (penuh = 10 000 biji). Anggarkan bilangan manik dalam balang S.
P10 000
S?
看高度估计 = anggar dengan melihat paras
两个瓶子一样大，P 装满时的数量是参照数。要估计 S 有多少，先看 S 的珠子大约到瓶子的几分之几高度（一半？四分之一？快满？），再求参照数的几分之几。
例子：参照瓶装满 8 000 颗，另一个同样大的瓶子只装到一半 → 大约 4 000 颗。
注意：估计值不能比装满时还多；要先认清“几分之几”，一半和四分之一差很多。
estimate from the level = anggar dengan melihat paras
The jars are the same size, and the full jar P gives the reference amount. To estimate jar S, first see what fraction of the jar is filled (half, a quarter, nearly full), then take that fraction of the reference.
Example: a full reference jar holds 8 000; a same-size jar filled to half holds about 4 000.
Watch out: an estimate can never be more than a full jar, and half and a quarter are very different.
Isi padu
Sebotol besar air ada 1 500 mℓ. Air dalam bekas K hampir 4 kali ganda botol itu. Anggarkan isi padu air dalam bekas K.
几倍的估计 = anggaran gandaan
题目说容器 K 的水“大约是瓶子的几倍”。瓶子的容量就是参照数。“几倍”要用乘法：倍数 × 参照数，得到的就是估计值，前面加上“大约”。
例子：一桶是 1 200 毫升，另一个容器大约是 3 倍 → 3 × 1 200 = 3 600，大约 3 600 毫升。
注意：“几倍”是乘，不是加；也不要把倍数和参照数写成一个新的数。
estimating by multiples = anggaran gandaan
Container K holds about some number of times as much as the bottle. The bottle is the reference. 'Times as much' means multiply: the multiple × the reference gives the estimate, which we call about.
Example: one pail is 1 200 ml; a container about 3 times as big holds about 3 × 1 200 = 3 600 ml.
Watch out: times as much means multiply, not add.
Ringkasan