Kira-kira 600 tahun dahulu, Melaka menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang terkenal di seluruh dunia. Kejayaannya dibina oleh tokoh-tokoh terbilang: sultan, bendahara dan laksamana.
distinguished figures = tokoh terbilang
About 600 years ago, the Melaka Sultanate was famous around the world. Its success was built by distinguished figures: the sultan, the Bendahara (chief minister) and the Laksamana (admiral). This unit covers Melaka's social structure, who these figures were, and their roles and contributions.
Example: Parameswara founded Melaka, while Tun Perak and Hang Tuah helped the sultans govern.
Watch out: Bendahara and Laksamana are titles of posts, not personal names.
Kenali
Struktur masyarakat Melaka
Masyarakat Kesultanan Melayu Melaka terbahagi kepada dua golongan:
Golongan pemerintah – sultan, pembesar
Golongan diperintah – rakyat, hamba
Contoh: Dalam piramid masyarakat, sultan berada di puncak, diikuti pembesar, rakyat dan hamba di bahagian bawah.
马六甲社会结构 = struktur masyarakat
马六甲社会分成两大阶层:统治阶层(golongan pemerintah)——苏丹和大臣(pembesar);被统治阶层(golongan diperintah)——平民(rakyat)和奴隶(hamba)。可以用金字塔图表示:苏丹在最上面,然后是大臣,再下面是平民,最底层是奴隶。
例子:金字塔顶端是苏丹,底层是奴隶。
注意:大臣属于统治阶层,不是被统治阶层。
Melaka's social structure = struktur masyarakat
Melaka society had two main groups: the ruling class (golongan pemerintah), the sultan and the ministers (pembesar); and the ruled (golongan diperintah), the commoners (rakyat) and the slaves (hamba). It can be drawn as a pyramid: the sultan at the top, then the ministers, then the commoners, with slaves at the bottom.
Example: the sultan is at the tip of the pyramid and slaves are at its base.
Watch out: ministers belong to the ruling class, not the ruled.
Padankan
Padankan kedudukan dalam piramid masyarakat Melaka
ordering the pyramid = susun piramid
Think from the top down: who is the highest ruler, who helps him, then the ordinary people, and who is at the very bottom?
Example: at school, the head teacher is at the top of the organisation chart.
Watch out: the ruling class takes the top two levels.
Kenali
Siapakah tokoh terbilang?
Tokoh terbilang ialah individu yang dihormati dan disanjungi oleh masyarakat kerana jasa dan sumbangannya. Antara tokoh Kesultanan Melayu Melaka:
Parameswara – pengasas Melaka
Sultan Muzaffar Shah · Sultan Mansur Shah · Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah
Bendahara Tun Perak · Laksamana Hang Tuah
Contoh: Sultan Muzaffar Shah melaksanakan sistem perundangan yang tersusun, manakala Sultan Mansur Shah meluaskan empayar Melaka.
杰出人物 = tokoh terbilang
杰出人物是因功劳和贡献而受到社会尊敬和推崇(dihormati dan disanjungi)的人。马六甲的杰出人物有:拜里米苏拉(Parameswara)——马六甲的开创者;苏丹穆扎法沙(Sultan Muzaffar Shah)——推行有系统的法律(sistem perundangan yang tersusun);苏丹曼苏尔沙(Sultan Mansur Shah)——扩大马六甲帝国(empayar);苏丹阿拉乌丁(Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah)——维护治安;宰相敦霹雳(Tun Perak);海军统帅汉都亚(Hang Tuah)。
例子:苏丹阿拉乌丁以维护治安、打击偷窃出名。
注意:杰出人物有智慧、忠诚、勇敢等好品格,值得学习。
distinguished figures = tokoh terbilang
A distinguished figure is someone respected and admired by society (dihormati dan disanjungi) for their services and contributions. Figures of the Melaka Sultanate include Parameswara (the founder), Sultan Muzaffar Shah (who set up an organised legal system, sistem perundangan yang tersusun), Sultan Mansur Shah (who expanded the empire, empayar), Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (who kept the peace), Bendahara Tun Perak and Laksamana Hang Tuah.
Example: Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah was known for keeping order and fighting theft.
Watch out: these figures had good qualities like wisdom, loyalty and courage that we can learn from.
the founder = pengasas
The founder (pengasas) is the person who first established Melaka. Hang Tuah was the admiral and Tun Perak the chief minister; both helped sultans later.
Example: a school's founder is the person who first opened it.
Watch out: the next unit studies this founder in detail.
Fahami
Peranan sultan
Sultan ialah pemerintah tertinggi. Sultan menjadi lambang perpaduan rakyat, ketua kerajaan, ketua tentera serta ketua agama Islam dan adat istiadat Melayu.
Contoh: Rakyat dari pelbagai tempat taat kepada sultan, menjadikan Melaka bersatu dan kuat.
苏丹的角色 = peranan sultan
苏丹是最高统治者,是人民团结的象征(lambang perpaduan),领导整个政府,也是军队的统帅,还是伊斯兰教和马来风俗习惯的领袖(ketua agama Islam dan adat istiadat Melayu)。人民忠于苏丹,国家就团结强大。
例子:来自各地的人民都效忠苏丹,马六甲因此团结、强大。
注意:苏丹不是一个人治理国家,还有大臣辅助。
the sultan's role = peranan sultan
The sultan was the highest ruler, a symbol of the people's unity (lambang perpaduan), head of the government, commander of the army, and head of Islam and Malay customs (ketua agama Islam dan adat istiadat Melayu). When people were loyal to the sultan, the country was united and strong.
Example: people from many places were loyal to the sultan, making Melaka united and strong.
Watch out: the sultan did not rule alone; ministers helped him.
Fahami
Peranan bendahara
Bendahara ialah pembesar paling kanan. Bendahara menjadi penasihat sultan, ketua pembesar, ketua diplomat dan ketua hakim. Bendahara juga menjadi pemangku sultan apabila sultan gering atau belum dewasa.
Contoh: Apabila sultan berangkat ke luar negeri, bendahara mentadbir negeri bagi pihak sultan.
宰相的角色 = peranan bendahara
宰相(Bendahara)是职位最高的大臣,他是苏丹的顾问(penasihat sultan)、众大臣的首领、外交首领和首席法官。苏丹生病或年幼时,宰相还会代理苏丹(pemangku sultan)治理国家。
例子:苏丹出国时,由宰相代苏丹管理国家。
注意:宰相负责一般行政,跟负责海上防卫的海军统帅不同。
the Bendahara's role = peranan bendahara
The Bendahara was the most senior minister: adviser to the sultan (penasihat sultan), head of the ministers, chief diplomat and chief judge. When the sultan was ill or too young, the Bendahara acted for him (pemangku sultan).
Example: when the sultan travelled abroad, the Bendahara governed on his behalf.
Watch out: the Bendahara handled general administration, unlike the Laksamana, who guarded the seas.
Fahami
Peranan laksamana
Laksamana ialah ketua angkatan laut. Laksamana menjaga keselamatan perairan dan pedagang, menjadi pengawal peribadi sultan dan juga utusan ke negara lain.
Contoh: Kapal pedagang berasa selamat di Selat Melaka kerana laksamana dan angkatannya meronda dan menghalau lanun.
海军统帅的角色 = peranan laksamana
海军统帅(Laksamana)是海军的首领(ketua angkatan laut),负责保护海域和商人的安全、担任苏丹的贴身侍卫(pengawal peribadi),也会作为使者出访别国。
例子:海军统帅带领船队巡逻、赶走海盗,商船在马六甲海峡就觉得安全。
注意:海上的事找海军统帅,治理国家的行政事务找宰相。
the Laksamana's role = peranan laksamana
The Laksamana was the head of the navy (ketua angkatan laut), protecting the waters and the traders, serving as the sultan's personal bodyguard (pengawal peribadi) and acting as an envoy to other countries.
Example: merchant ships felt safe in the Strait of Melaka because the Laksamana and his fleet patrolled and drove away pirates.
Watch out: sea matters went to the Laksamana; government administration went to the Bendahara.
Padankan
Padankan tugas dengan tokoh yang menjalankannya
配对职责 = padankan tugas
记住重点:宰相负责行政、当顾问、代理苏丹;海军统帅负责海上安全;苏丹是最高统治者、团结的象征。宰相那一项包含两件事。
例子:审理案件是宰相的工作。
注意:同一个职位可能有不只一项任务。
matching duties = padankan tugas
Remember: the Bendahara handles administration, advises and acts for the sultan; the Laksamana guards the seas; the sultan is the highest ruler and symbol of unity. The Bendahara card lists two duties.
Example: hearing court cases was the Bendahara's work.
Watch out: one post may have more than one duty.
Semak kefahaman
Pedagang mengadu kapal mereka diganggu lanun. Tokoh manakah bertanggungjawab menanganinya?
who is responsible = siapa bertanggungjawab
Pirates are a threat at sea. Who was responsible for safety at sea and protecting traders?
Example: when a neighbouring country sent envoys, the Bendahara usually handled the talks.
Watch out: ordinary commoners had no such duty.
Cinta akan Negara
Institusi raja berperlembagaan
Hari ini Malaysia mengamalkan sistem raja berperlembagaan. Institusi raja kekal menjadi lambang perpaduan dan kedaulatan negara.
Contoh: Kita menghormati Yang di-Pertuan Agong dan mencontohi sifat kepimpinan tokoh-tokoh Melaka seperti bijaksana, adil dan taat setia.
君主立宪 = raja berperlembagaan
今天马来西亚实行君主立宪制(raja berperlembagaan),王室仍然是国家团结和主权(kedaulatan)的象征。我们尊敬最高元首,也学习马六甲杰出人物的好品格:有智慧、公正、忠诚。
例子:唱国歌时肃立,表示对国家的尊重。
注意:爱国也包括遵守国家的法律。
constitutional monarchy = raja berperlembagaan
Today Malaysia practises constitutional monarchy (raja berperlembagaan); the monarchy remains a symbol of national unity and sovereignty (kedaulatan). We respect the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and learn from the good qualities of Melaka's figures: wisdom, fairness and loyalty.
Example: standing still while the national anthem is sung shows respect for the country.
Watch out: loving the country also means obeying its laws.
Fikir
Apakah sifat tokoh terbilang yang boleh kita contohi?
学习好品格 = contohi sifat terpuji
杰出人物值得学习的,是他们的好品格。想一想哪一组是值得称赞的品格?
例子:做事公平、对朋友忠诚。
注意:懒惰、自私、爱吵架都不是好品格。
learning good qualities = contohi sifat terpuji
What we learn from distinguished figures is their good character. Which set of qualities deserves praise?
Example: being fair and loyal to friends.
Watch out: laziness, selfishness and quarrelling are not good qualities.
Ringkasan
Syabas!
Tokoh terbilang Melaka
Masyarakat Melaka terbahagi kepada golongan pemerintah (sultan, pembesar) dan diperintah (rakyat, hamba). Sultan pemerintah tertinggi, bendahara penasihat dan ketua pembesar, laksamana ketua angkatan laut.